Summary report of Sweat by Zora Neale Hurston - 1597 Words

Summary Report: Sweat Vital Statistics Author: Zora Neale Hurston Title: Sweat Published date: 1926 Main Characters Delia: A hard working, washerwoman and wife that is abused by her husband. She is portrayed as the protagonist. Sykes: A lazy, stay-at-home husband who is abusive to his wife and has a mistress name Bertha. He is portrayed as the antagonist. Point of View The story is written in a third person omniscient point of view. Setting of Action The story took place in a small town in central Florida near Orlando. The events took place in the spring and snakes are known to be prevalent in the area during that time. Plot Summary Sweat tells a short story about a black, washerwoman, Delia that lives in Florida†¦show more content†¦You know it would skeer me--looks just like a snake, an you knows how skeered Ah is of snakes. The characters’ personalities shown through so rapidly that it helped show us how their relationship was developing. Hurston also had long passages of narration mixed in with dialogues that made a relationship based on pain. For instance, â€Å"She lay awake, gazing upon the debris that cluttered their matrimonial trail. Not an image left standing along the way. Anything like flowers had long ago been drowned in the salty stream that had been pressed from her heart. Her tears, her sweat, her blood.† Once again, the choice of narrator makes the story much more believable and Delia’s situation more extreme which is why it created the sympathetic tone to this story. A combination of what Delia feels and what Sykes does to her leads the reader to fee l sympathetically towards her. For example, this happens here with Bertha, the mistress, Too late now to hope for love, even if it were not Bertha it would be someone else. The things that happens to Delia seems truthful and relatable in real life which makes readers react a certain way to the story. Lastly, the multiple-perspective approach caught my eyes because Hurston did not just tell the story from Delia and Sykes’ perspectives, but also the townspeople’s perspectives to further show us their

The Role of Gender in A Dollhouse Essay - 1150 Words

â€Å"A Dollhouse† In â€Å"A Doll’s House,† women lead a difficult life. They live on restrictions in society, as well as in their home. â€Å"The play depicts the father not only as absent but also as morally polluted† (Rosefeldt). Men are seen as a higher being than women. However, women seem to take on more sacrifices than men. Throughout the play, it expresses the misery of women or mothers and their disadvantages in society. Mrs. Linde went through a horrible past. We truly do feel sympathy for her when she says, â€Å"My Mother was alive then, and was bedridden and helpless, and I had to provide for my two younger brothers; so I did not think I was justified in refusing his offer† (Ibson). â€Å"Mrs. Linde, Noras friend, is the victim of an absent†¦show more content†¦Nora was just the toy in their marriage. Nora was just like the Christmas tree, an ornament that charmed others. She must always be on watch with her behavior, as it could ruin Torvaldâ€⠄¢s image. When Torvald becomes sick, Nora paid it. However it was just a loan and now she must pay the money back. Nora must keep it a secret though because if Torvald finds out about it, he would be infuriated. It would ruin their marriage and drastically destroy it. Torvald cannot accept the fact that his wife, a woman, helped him. Furthermore, it is illegal for a wife to obtain a loan without the consent of her husband. This shows the power of Torvald over Nora or the power of men over women. In the end their marriage or bond was broken. . However, it was ironic in the end as the lies, that Nora created, did destroy their marriage but not in the way we would expect. Torvald did think about ending it but when he saw that the signature that Nora forged was handed back to them, Torvald calmed down. â€Å"His behavior makes Nora realize that, in their eight years of marriage, he has never looked on her as a human being but only as a doll, and she leaves him in order to learn to bec ome a person in her own right† (Doll’s House). Nora finally severed all ties with him. Throughout the time, Nora’s definition and understanding of freedom has evolved. She considered freedom as something like a duty. In the first act,Show MoreRelatedThe, Death Of A Salesman909 Words   |  4 Pagesbecame more valuable than the strength of the body; causing the hunter and gatherer mentality to collapse, which leads to both genders to work side by side. Both genders are able to perform each other s task creating a more economically efficient society. Maintaining traditional gender roles in a modern society is detrimental to both genders. When maintaining gender roles, women would have their ability undermined,have limited professionally opportunities, be ignored emotionally and, place moreRead MoreAnalysis Of Whedon s Joss Whedon 1411 Words   |  6 Pagesof the reasons that his shows have gained so much attention is because he likes to use them to present his views on controversial topics. Joss does this by switching gender roles and using powerful symbols. You can see this in both Buffy the Vampire Slayer and Dollhouse. You can see this in both Buffy the Vampire Slayer and Dollhouse. He does this in order to change societies views on woman in society. To prove this I will give a few powerful examples from each show that makes it perfectly clear howRead MoreComparing Dollhouse And Buffy, The Vampire Slayer, And Firefly910 Words   |  4 Pagesbut he is also looking towards sending out a message. Generally, when people look deeply into his text they can find that he is usually sending a message to society about how gender roles and it is common for him to play with them. In these three shows Dollhouse and Buffy, the Vampire Slayer, and Firefly he takes gender roles and moves them around at will. In Buffy the Vampire Slayer, this is seen so often because the entire show is based around it. You have buffy this strong and witty girl who run’sRead MoreFeminist Analysis : A Doll s House1001 Words   |  5 Pagesmistreated women in texts. Such as blanks, unfinished sentences, and even silences. Henrick Ibsen’s, A Doll’s House, captures the unfavorable gender-role of oppressed women who are treated as mere â€Å"dolls† played by men. Nora Helmer, the main character, strives to be the perfect wife that is set forth by the society she lives in. She is trapped in the â€Å"dollhouse† which is her actual home. Torvald, her husband, has made a wonderful life for his doll wife and their children. Nora does love Torvald, butRead MoreArgumentative Essay On Gender Norms905 Words   |  4 PagesIronically, when we were given this assignment I had the perfect opportunity to violate a gender norm. I attended my cousins’ baby shower this weekend and all the guests were in for a surprise when my cousin began to open her gifts. I decided to buy my new baby boy cousin a pink onesie and a dollhouse. When my cousin pulled the gifts out of the bag everyone had puzzled looks on their face. My cousin even asked me if I had given her the wrong gift. Everyone thought I was crazy for buying a baby boyRead MoreA New World for Women: A Dollhouse by Henrik Ibsen1089 Words   |  4 PagesA new world for women Henrik Ibsen’s play, â€Å"A Dollhouse† is centered in the late 19th century following the time women seek more of their independence and greater freedom. From the play, â€Å"A Dollhouse†, Ibsen tends to understand women more than they do. As one of Ibsen’s famous play addresses the issue of feminine roles and importance in the past and present era. Nora as a mother and wife decided to quit from her gender roles as a wife and mother, to become an independent self made person afterRead MoreAnalysis Of Henrik Ibsen s A Dollhouse 960 Words   |  4 Pagesfor personal freedom in â€Å"A Dollhouse.† He uses marriage and gender roles indicative of his era as an example of the constraints placed on people in society. His work is controversial and ahead of its time, and Ibsen is able to show in â€Å"A Dollhouse† morality and societal customs do not always walk hand in hand. Through the use of the character Nora, he shows the necessity of sacri fice is sometimes needed to achieve freedom from culture. The conclusion of â€Å" A Dollhouse† appropriately demonstratesRead MoreA Doll s House By Henrik Ibsen994 Words   |  4 PagesIn A Doll’s House, a play by Henrik Ibsen, he adds many hints about the role of society and how the female gender was being treated during that time. Readers have observed from this play that Ibsen believed about the roles of society, equality between men and women, and the idea of feminism. This play is where the readers can see and understand how things were like at the time, and what Ibsen believed about the issues. Norma Helmer, the main character from this play tries to strive towards the ideaRead MoreMy Experience As A Male Dominant Culture994 Words   |  4 Pageswhen we do not realize it. We learn about our culture through different medias, such as our parents, relatives, and peers. My earliest enculturation experience is when I was in kindergarten. I learned about culturally accepted behaviors for both genders and experienced double standard between male and female. My family and my peers were the most influential in this enculturation experience as they were the people I associated with during my early childhood. My early childhood experience of doubleRead MoreSex And Gender : The Same Loop Time And Time855 Words   |  4 PagesSex and gender have been categorized in the same loop time and time again, but is merely confused about between one person to the next. Sex is what you are born with penis, vaginia, and in some cases both as opposed to gender. Although we link two and two togethe r mentally, logically they are opposites. Socialization, parenting, and media throughout the world, develop your sense of gender, male or female â€Å"gender roles.† Gender is much more complex than what we learn as kids (Killermann). Where

Concept Of Entrepreneurship All Across World †Free Samples

Question: Discuss About The Concept Of Entrepreneurship All Across World? Answer: Introduction The concept of entrepreneurship all across the world is taken as the important assets that every country must cultivate, motivate and also reward it well so that it can achieve the highest level possible. It is often changed the way in which people work as well as lead their lives. In case of success, the level of innovation along with creativity can increase the standard of living for the people (Silverthorne, 2017). It also means that apart from developing wealth from different venture options for entrepreneurship, it is also important to create employment options and the situations for the country and society to prosperous. Definition of entrepreneurship The concept or the idea of entrepreneurship can be defined as a person who initiate, organize as well as manage any establishments in the form of organization which is also surrounded by considerable amount of risks and initiatives (Ismail et al., 2016). It can be small establishment as well as big business with big risks and rewards as well. The overall concept depends on perceiving new opportunities in business and them usually shows a positive kind of biases in different perceptions. It is also amalgamated with a risk taking approach that can make them more options or alternatives as opportunities (Remund et al., 2017). Entrepreneurs should also control several commercial based undertaking with directions for different factors of production along with human, financial and material based resources that are needed for exploiting the business opportunities. (Borisseko Boschma, 2017). An entrepreneur has to take over different positions like manager as well as they also oversees the launch and development associated with enterprise. In other words, it is a process which can help people or a team to recognize a business opportunity and get as well as deploy the importance of resources needed for proper exploitation. It further may also include: - Development of plan for business Recruiting or hiring the right kind of human resources Getting material and financial resources Providing right kind of leadership Acting more responsible for the success of the venture as well as failure (Kapinga and Montero, 2017) Matter of risk aversion Origin of Entrepreneurship The word entrepreneur is taken from a French word. This word first used in the year 1723 and in the todays world it implies as the qualities based on initiative, leadership as well as innovation in new kind of venture based designs. According to number of authors, the term is associated with the concept of team building, ability of management and essential qualities for any entrepreneur to have (Borissenko Boschma, 2017). In historical term, the study of this concept goes back in late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries when the concept of classical economics also introduced. In 20th century, the concept was thoroughly studied by authors like Joseph Schumpeter and other types of economists like Ludwig von Mises and many more. The word entrepreneurship was introduced around the year 1920 (Alvarez et al., 2016). Mindset The clear defining of the activities that need to be processes. The protection and the management of the time. A proper planning of the day Outcome oriented Dealing with the different actual facts Living for providing a better value. Performance of the mind makeover. Entrepreneurship and the concept of business ventures For many years to come, advancement in technology will help in creating more and more kind of jobs in several respective industries all across the world. At the same time, the present technology industry can also become one of the most lucrative industries in terms opportunities for prospective or potential entrepreneurs like food and beverages. Such industry can expect a steady level of development next few years (Kirzner, 2015). It is important to understand here that technology is making several industries very appealing for many entrepreneurs and it is also crucial for any entrepreneur and their business career to do something that can help in generating returns at steady pace before actually moving on other projects. Market expansion The market obviously looks for the opportunities to expand in several industries and can be taken as one of the stepping stone towards several business operations. This is why, it become easier to develop the business in rapid manner and also expand the personal wealth of the entrepreneur. After the recession that hit the world economy in the year 2008, people in many developed countries like USA, is spending more and more money on forms like entertainment instead of taking high prices vacation or sports (Kuratko, 2016). The economies of several countries are still recovering, the trend however continues since the future looks bright for such ventures. The focus is developing in this niche market with affordable kind of entertainment (Coviello et al., 2017). The level of affordability will also result in business partners and leveraging the future because of stagnant prices of liquor and there will also be an interest which will help in setting the bar. Role of the entrepreneur As far as role of entrepreneur is concerned, the fist basic or on fundamental grounds, there is neoclassical form of theory that has no role for the entrepreneurs because the market is based on achieving the equilibrium in market which also means no profit. As per the Austrian theory, the concept is also based on driving profit in the market which further pushes the market towards the level of equilibrium (Schaper et al., 2014). Then there is role of discovery and as per neoclassical theory, it suggests that the overall decision and the results are not rightly corrected or modified. There is no kind of evolvement or level of improvement. It is important to understand here that incorrect or wrong decisions are further corrected by attentive kinds of entrepreneurs (Shiri, 2017). In addition, the entrepreneurs also help in stimulating the additional form of discovery with the help of profit based options presented when there is any mistake and this cycle further pushes the market towards achieving a level of equilibrium. (Coviello Tanev, 2017). However, the important fact is that it is never achieved because of the constant change. Franchises and entrepreneurship The business or organization has great opportunities of achieving success and to initiate the process, the marketing strategy consists of many potential ideas like franchises. There are so many competitors as well that create individual level of location for the strong customer based and the idea to expand the overall scale along with product for the business will help in accomplishing the success. The company will also help in setting up like a corporation and business that tends to identify the right strengths of every element tend to achieve success in right manner. Since there is also some kind of need to take final decisions within the companies, it is right for every founder to accomplish the same money for right kind of input as well as investment. In such cases, the struggle for the companies to move forward becomes long term plan (Storey, 2016). The first year of the organization is expected to struggle to achieve the target and the sales as expected since this is the time to make foundations and form deep roots. In order to establish business at large scale and in large city, it is expected to make moderate amount of profit given all right steps are taken in this direction. Importance of entrepreneurship The concept of entrepreneurship usually develops a set of options for the sake of employment and on initiating the business with the help of monetary assets, the owners or the entrepreneur needs to share the load of word in equal manner. It is also important to understand and employ right kind of people to work since over a period of time, the overall satisfaction with the investment will come when every element has been used and optimized in right manner. When the size or the scale of the business is huge, it becomes their ability to offer more employment opportunities for people. The concept of entrepreneurship also helps in boosting the growth of the economy and through properly creating the employment, people normally creates more wealth (Storey, 2016). In addition, the entrepreneurship and innovation in it tend to provide the product of high quality at the lowest possible rates. People therefore get to experience the best products and at the same time, saves a huge amount of mon ey. The strengths help in boosting the economy of the country. In addition, the concept of entrepreneurship also helps in strengthen the small scale businesses. These kinds of functions and activities normally offer right kind of strength to small businesses as well and as an outcome, the current niche market further flourishes to give some kind of strength for the national economy. This is why, the concept of entrepreneurship is an investment and it is also perceived as a paramount for the current economy of the world. (Drucker, 2014). Finally, entrepreneurship is crucial or important for the overall enhancement of the managerial level of capabilities. The large important of this concept is based on the fact it helps in the recognizing and developing the managerial capabilities of the entrepreneur. The study is also based on the issue that decides the option in comparison of the advantages and the overall cost involved with it and in the end based on the best option (Baum et al., 2014). The process also helps in honing or sharpening the talent or skills of taking right decisions. In addition, the owner or entrepreneurs also use all these skills to develop new set of products and advanced technologies, which can switch or replace the older options with high level of performance. The entrepreneurs can actually be taken as gamblers who have the skill to take risk and the chances of winning rise when he has the power and ability to use right skills. It is important to have some level of tolerance for taking right kind of risk that is important feature for the entrepreneurs. (Shiri, 2017). The risk taking ability can be taken as an activity even if the consequences are negative by nature. Establishing a business from scratch is risky business and especially when the money of people gets involved in it. There is time when there is a risk of convincing investors to come along with new venture or by also forming the team of entrepreneurs (Shepherd, 2015). Conclusion The concept and overall advantages of the concept of entrepreneurship cannot be underestimated. This is why, people must move from the mentality of forming category in the sectors of small business to a separate distinct entity. The concept of entrepreneurship is the foundation of achieving great form of businesses and for the current economy as a whole it is important to accomplish it in long run (Shepherd, 2015) Reference Alvarez, A,S., Audretsch, D and Link, N, A., 2016. Advancing Our Understanding of Theory in Entrepreneurship https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/sej.1216/full Baum, J.R., Frese, M. and Baron, R.A. eds., 2014.The psychology of entrepreneurship. Psychology Press. Borissenko, J. and Boschma, R., 2017.A critical review of entrepreneurial ecosystems research: towards a future research agenda(No. 2017/3). Lund University, CIRCLE-Center for Innovation, Research and Competences in the Learning Economy. Coviello, N. and Tanev, S., 2017. Initiating a New Research Phase in the Field of International Entrepreneurship: An Interview with Professor Nicole Coviello.Technology Innovation Management Review,7(5). Drucker, P., 2014.Innovation and entrepreneurship. Routledge. https://hbswk.hbs.edu/item/meet-the-oddball-entrepreneurs-who-invented-green-businesses Ismail, I., Husin, N., Rahim, N.A., Kamal, M.H.M. and Mat, R.C., 2016. Entrepreneurial success among single mothers: the role of motivation and passion.Procedia Economics and Finance,37, pp.121-128. Kapinga, F, A., and Montero, S, C., 2017. Exploring the socio-cultural challenges of food processing women entrepreneurs in IRINGA, TANZANIA and strategies used to tackle them https://journal-jger.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s40497-017-0076-0 Kirzner, I.M., 2015.Competition and entrepreneurship. University of Chicago press. Kuratko, D.F., 2016.Entrepreneurship: Theory, process, and practice. Cengage Learning. Remund, C, M., Peris-Ortiz, M., Gehrke,J,H., 2017. The Vitruvian Man of Leonardo da Vinci as a model of innovative entrepreneurship at the intersection of business, art and technology https://innovion-entrepreneurship.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s13731-017-0077-9 Schaper, M.T., Volery, T., Weber, P.C. and Gibson, B., 2014.Entrepreneurship and small business. Shepherd, D.A., 2015. Party On! A call for entrepreneurship research that is more interactive, activity based, cognitively hot, compassionate, and prosocial. Shiri, A.T., 2017. Business Models for Social Entrepreneurs. InEntrepreneurship: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications(pp. 536-548). IGI Global. Silverthorne, S., 2017. Meet the Oddball Entrepreneurs Who Invented Green Businesses Storey, D.J. ed., 2016.Entrepreneurship and new firm. Routledge.

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T-Rex and Roxy Music Essay As the hippie movement almost completely disappeared from the realm of popular culture, the next noticeable subculture in both music and fashion terms was that of glam-rock, with its main advocators being David Bowie and to a lesser extent T-Rex and Roxy Music. The glam rock subculture had a notable effect on gender issues at a time when gender was generally separated within music and indeed society itself. The wearing of normally feminine clothes and make-up by men shocked, outraged and confused many of the particularly conservative British public, particularly when Bowie appeared on the TV show Top of The Pops in his Ziggy Stardust persona dressed in what would be considered feminine attire. We will write a custom essay on T-Rex and Roxy Music specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now In the Teddy boy subculture, women had a particular role to play and had their separate uniform and separate role to fill within the everyday workings of that subculture. In society in general women were virtually separated from men and although womens rights and liberation had come a long way since the War, a situation still existed where a much greater number of women were confined to a role of maintaining the home and raising the family. The emergence of Bowie and other glam-rock acts had an immense impact on the normally static gender roles in both society and indeed within music itself. Bowies immense popularity in the early seventies under his Ziggy Stardust persona rose to the point where he achieved a legion of fans mimicking his distinct visual style. As the music became popular, so did the visual style which created a new sexually ambiguous image for those youngsters willing and brave enough to challenge the notoriously pedestrian stereotypes conventionally available to working class men and women.(3) The blurring of gender lines that Bowie and other glam-rock stars achieved did indeed cause outrage among the general public and sections of the media, which can be attributed to the fact that it was rare to see women and men as not having separate roles to play in both society and music itself. For Bowie to appear on Top of the Pops wearing lipstick seemed to rebel against the basic hegemonic values of a rather conservative Britain and the consequent popularity of this style can be seen as an instance where music has influenced fashion and created a subculture rather been a result of society itself. The late seventies gave rise to perhaps the most infamous of all subcultures in what became termed as the Punk era. The punk movement was essentially a very working class youth based movement with bands such as Stiff Little Fingers, The Clash and perhaps the most famous of all the punk bands, The Sex Pistols. Punk music generally rebelled against everything hegemonic value it could find, in both the music world and society itself. Towards thbe late seventies, progressive rock was the basis for mainstream music and the music itself was generally very complicated, consisted of long guitar solos and innovative instruments, was dominated by middle class musicians and was very concerned with being progressive. Punk, on the other hand, mostly consisted of working class bands with the music usually being described as primitive. As a more minimalist genre, punk rock eschewed the growing use of electronic instruments associated with progressive rock (4) and tended to stick to the formula of one drum and guitars. This basic line-up of punk bands was a sound best suited to expressing anger and frustration (5) and the sound of anger and frustration was clearly a message that punk seemed to express. The Sex Pistols were perhaps punks most popular band and tended to cause controversy from the very beginning of their careers. The title of their album Never Mind the Bollocks caused widespread anger amongst the conservative public, as did the very name of the band itself to the extent that they were banned from playing on Top Of the Pops. .ue109b4e0426f6f0e46372df6394a1083 , .ue109b4e0426f6f0e46372df6394a1083 .postImageUrl , .ue109b4e0426f6f0e46372df6394a1083 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ue109b4e0426f6f0e46372df6394a1083 , .ue109b4e0426f6f0e46372df6394a1083:hover , .ue109b4e0426f6f0e46372df6394a1083:visited , .ue109b4e0426f6f0e46372df6394a1083:active { border:0!important; } .ue109b4e0426f6f0e46372df6394a1083 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ue109b4e0426f6f0e46372df6394a1083 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ue109b4e0426f6f0e46372df6394a1083:active , .ue109b4e0426f6f0e46372df6394a1083:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ue109b4e0426f6f0e46372df6394a1083 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ue109b4e0426f6f0e46372df6394a1083 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ue109b4e0426f6f0e46372df6394a1083 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ue109b4e0426f6f0e46372df6394a1083 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ue109b4e0426f6f0e46372df6394a1083:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ue109b4e0426f6f0e46372df6394a1083 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ue109b4e0426f6f0e46372df6394a1083 .ue109b4e0426f6f0e46372df6394a1083-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ue109b4e0426f6f0e46372df6394a1083:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Power of One- Music and Boxing EssayYet while their named caused controversy, the content of their album caused even greater debate and anger amongst the general public, in particular the song entitled God Save The Queen. The song starts with the lyrics God save the Queen, our fascist regime and continues to protest against the monarchy throughout. To condemn the monarchy in such a manner caused outrage among the general public, who would generally hold the Queen and monarchy in high regard. Respect for the monarchy was a rather dominant value in the majority of society, hence why this song in particular caused so much controversy. The Sex Pistols were certainly not the only band who questions the hegemonic ideals of their society as the entire punk movement was founded on an act of rebellion against the society they live in. Stiff Little Fingers were a band that came from Northern Ireland, at a time when the troubles in the province were at its peak. The song Alternative Ulster spoke out against the situations and problems that existed in the province between the two sides and called for an alternative to be built. Other songs spoke out against the different paramilitary organisations and divisions within the society while the album Inflammable Material is credited as the first completely independently recorded and produced album to achieve such success. The band clearly spoke out against the hegemonic values of its particular society while the fact that they were independently produced gave them credit amongst the punk subculture that tended to rebel against the music industry in general. The distinguishing feature of this particular punk band is that while other punk bands tended sing about anarchy, Stiff Little Fingers spoke out against the anarchy and violence that existed in their environment. However, while such subcultures as punk may have rebelled against the existing hegemonic values in society, various tensions exist in regards to what is known as bottom up or top down tensions within forms of music. These tensions refer to where exactly the music comes from, namely whether its manufactured or whether its real. Generally when we consider real music we consider it to come from a personal and artistic level, unaffected by commercial interests, which will generally spread upwards through society and become mass culture. This process is referred to as bottom up. However since music is essentially published in a capitalist system, there will be inevitable attempts to produce music that will essentially appeal to the masses and then place it on the market. This is referred to as a top down approach. The tension between the two is inevitable, and can be seen when looking at the particular forms of music that subcultures adhere to. In an era where consumption of music is on a mass scale, there will inevitably be market forces trying to gain money by producing music that will appeal to the masses and the subcultures within society. For every subculture that is produced, a new area of the market is open that can be exploited by the many record companies. It is inevitable that as long as subcultures continue to exist and become fashionable, then there will be a new audience to which the market forces can appeal to. Subcultures often exist as a form of expression against the hegemonic values of the particular society yet this can often lead to a contradictory mixture of the authentic and the manufactured: it is an area of self-expression for the young and a grazing ground for the commercial providers (6). This tension can be seen in the new alternative or indie scene that has become popular in mass culture. While most of the indie bands were to some extent described as underground around five years ago, the popularity of bands such as Coldplay and Keane have provided this genre with a huge increase in popularity. This increase in popularity is obvious in the latest fashion trends and indeed the music business who both profess the brand of being alternative. .u40f350a23a464f4277484bd818c43556 , .u40f350a23a464f4277484bd818c43556 .postImageUrl , .u40f350a23a464f4277484bd818c43556 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u40f350a23a464f4277484bd818c43556 , .u40f350a23a464f4277484bd818c43556:hover , .u40f350a23a464f4277484bd818c43556:visited , .u40f350a23a464f4277484bd818c43556:active { border:0!important; } .u40f350a23a464f4277484bd818c43556 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u40f350a23a464f4277484bd818c43556 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u40f350a23a464f4277484bd818c43556:active , .u40f350a23a464f4277484bd818c43556:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u40f350a23a464f4277484bd818c43556 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u40f350a23a464f4277484bd818c43556 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u40f350a23a464f4277484bd818c43556 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u40f350a23a464f4277484bd818c43556 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u40f350a23a464f4277484bd818c43556:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u40f350a23a464f4277484bd818c43556 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u40f350a23a464f4277484bd818c43556 .u40f350a23a464f4277484bd818c43556-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u40f350a23a464f4277484bd818c43556:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Music Traditions Around the World Chapter EssayThe situation of the mainstream audience purporting the idea of being alternative is an obvious case of a paradoxical situation that exists when a subculture resists the mainstream but then becomes the mainstream itself. The same paradoxical situation can be seen with the mainstream popularity of hip-hop and rap music, which started off as essentially a form of expression amongst black youths in urban areas and voiced the ideals of keeping it real. Yet as the popularity of this form of music soared due to rappers such as Eminem, it has become popularised and marketed to a vast extent. The tensions that exist within the hegemony and subculture are plentiful. As long as grievances or the need to feel individual exists in any society, then subcultures will unavoidably appear as a form of expression in which people can air their grievances or seek individuality. The style in which these subcultures are distinguished will inevitably involve a certain type of music that will tend to express their refusal to accept the hegemonic values of the society in which they exist. And while the phenomena of subcultures continue to exist, tensions will also exist amongst with the hegemony in that society, with music providing an arena for these tensions to be displayed.