Heavy Metal Music and Magazine Black Sabbath free essay sample

They have all had their spot light and had been cherished by fans and pundits, and most made the stone lobby of popularity or the music corridor of acclaim. One pioneer that wasnt frightened by pundits and evaded by the individuals who didnt comprehend was Black Sabbath. Dark Sabbath was the pioneer of metal, they were divine forces of rock. The motivation behind why Black Sabbath is significant on the grounds that they spearheaded metal, they discharged psyche blowing music that was very Influential. Before going into why Black Sabbath is significant, it is important to go over the story.In 1968 they shaped a blues band and afterward framed the band Earth. Earth at that point began to prepare for the metal sound of Black Sabbath. Slimy Osborne abhorred the name of the band, however on the grounds that they were confused with the name they changed the name of their band once and for all. They at that point called themselves Black Sabbath, a name that originated from a blood and gore movie. We will compose a custom article test on Substantial Metal Music and Magazine Black Sabbath or then again any comparative subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page They discharged their first collection In 1970 on Friday the thirteenth and were panned by pundits. After that they discharged another collection later in the year. They went till 1979 with Oozy and afterward they supplanted him with Did.After, they discharged a few collections under Ronnie Did, and in the end made it into the Music lobby of distinction in 2004, and the Rock corridor of popularity in 2005. They are currently starting their visit in September of this current year. They spearheaded metal back when they began In 1969. They chose to go with the ghastliness subject with their first tune, Black Sabbath. It had a dull trio tone and before long was known to be a solid impact on Judas Priest. They got negative audits and still got famous with the fans. As indicated by an article in Time Magazine, Josh Triangle composed regardless, Paranoid is the origination of overwhelming metal.Mark it with an It is fascinating to realize that Black Sabbath effectively made a classification since they changed their name. In an article In Rolling Stone Magazine, that had an Interview with a few musicians Oozy expressed One day, Tony comes in and says, People pay cash to get terrified why dont we begin composing alarming music? At that point we composed a melody called Black Sabbath. We told our companion Alvin Lee from Ten Years After that marry changed our name to Black Sabbath, and he says, You wont go extremely far called that. (Osborne). It was when metal began and It Is the thing that started new music that would alter music. The music they would discharge would become mind blowing. They caused a significant number of their collections to go platinum aside from a couple, even with low survey evaluations. Their fans were mind boggled by their guitar riffs, and the intensity of the various vocalists of Oozy Osborne and Ronnie Did. Their music would help those that required the dull tones and would engage numerous rockers that needed a dim undercurrent. They generally fell back to the blues when they would attempt to think of a melody. Osborne expressed In organized tune. Thered be a long introduction that would go into a Jazz piece, at that point go all indiscretion and it worked. Tony Loomis-?and I have said this a zillion occasions ?ought to be up there with the greats. He can get a guitar, play a riff, and you state, Hes goat be out now, he cannot top that. At that point you return, and I wager you a billion dollars, hed concoct a riff thatd take your kicking breath away. (Osborne). They are genuine artists. In any event, when their guitarist lost two fingers before Black Sabbath, he despite everything played guitar and made prosthetics that way he proceed with music. It was genuine assurance that made Black Sabbath the musically gifted and significant lords of rock. With their music, and longer devotion they would impact new metal groups like Metallic, Iron Maiden, Judas Priests and numerous other extraordinary metal groups like Sun O and Earth that would pioneer drone metal music. The motivation behind why Black Sabbath is significant on the grounds that they spearheaded metal, they discharged psyche blowing music that was very persuasive. They were lords of metal, and did it with a simple thought of making music that would panic individuals. It was that imagined that started another kind and made numerous extraordinary groups. They are Important in light of the inheritance they made and the class they made.

Narrative Essay Samples For Grade 5

Narrative Essay Samples For Grade 5With the advent of internet and other types of media, students have access to a wide range of narrative essay samples for grade 5. The popularity of such samples can be attributed to the fact that they are often easier to comprehend as compared to those given in previous years. The most common pieces given by various writers of such samples are from the last 10 years or so.This is a good way to keep the grade 5 students interested in the subject material while helping them improve their writing skills. The narrative essays will also help them learn what not to do in such assignments. Sometimes the writers can also share their thoughts about the current affairs, when they discuss current events with some examples from such essays. Students should also remember that, while writing such essays, they should write and think according to the theme they have chosen.There are many different plots and styles to choose from, so the students should not be conc erned about it at all. They should remember that all the themes given in the sample essays were chosen by the writers. They should make their own story according to the genre, they should make sure they have a story line that fits into the theme chosen.Some of the writers of the sample essays have studied media science and communication. They will give the students insight into the things they need to know about being an effective writer. With that, students can now come up with their own ideas, but the writers need to note that the writers who gave the sample essays in grades 5 have been successful in writing for a long time already. The students need to follow the same principles when they try to write their own essay.They should note that the writers of the essays have given different scenarios and have shown them how they should be written. They should also make sure that the writing style they adopt is that of a professional, as such style makes them sound more professional. Th ey should also consider the different styles that were used before in writing. Some of the narratives that were written in the last 10 years use the same kinds of plots.It is very important for the students to create their own narrative and choose the writer to write it. Then they should make sure that the plot lines are different and match the genres they want to write. That way, the students can give the essay samples for grades 5 to any other students who will be looking for good writing.After that, they should try to study the proper grammar and punctuation. This is not just for the purpose of writing, but also so that they can make their sentences as accurate as possible. They should make sure that they use proper sentence structure as well.There are so many factors to look for when looking for narrative essay samples for grade 5. Students should keep in mind that the better the essay is written, the better the grades will be. The style of the essay should be simple but it shou ld be done in such a way that the information gets across well to the readers.

How to avoid online casino scams

How to avoid online casino scams Make Money Online Queries? Struggling To Get Traffic To Your Blog? Sign Up On (HBB) Forum Now!How to avoid online casino scams?Updated On 04/02/2020Author : Ram kumarTopic : InternetShort URL : https://hbb.me/2twuHpq CONNECT WITH HBB ON SOCIAL MEDIA Follow @HellBoundBlogOnline casinos are becoming more and more popular. More and more Internet users are spending more and more time there. However, they are not allowed in most of country in Europe as in France. For instance, these French-speaking online casinos often come from Canada, Belgium or Switzerland. Users are never worried by this law, but if they have a problem, the justice system will not help them. It is therefore very important to know how to avoid the scams of certain online casinos. Find out about the different certifications. If French legislation has decided to bury its head in the sand in the face of the new habits of the French in their consumption of online gambling, this is not the case in many other EU countries. As a result, if you cant count on the support of French legislation, you can rely on that of these other countries.Thus, even if online casinos are allowed in these countries, they are still subject to strict legislation that requires them to register and justify their winnings. Likewise, the operation of their sites and the algorithms used are subject to specific laws. To make sure that all these laws are respected, all you need to do is find on the site the official label of the platforms registration with the relevant authorities.Beware of automated online games of chance. Playing with live dealers will always remain the best way to make sure you dont get ripped off by the casino. Why would you do that? Because the problem with fully computerized gambling is that youre never really sure if its random. Even real slot machines contain software that prevents them from returning more money than they earn in a day!READLooking To Retrain While You're A Stay At Home Mom?So when you pla y online table games, you can never be sure that the same kind of program is not being applied. On the other hand, playing with live dealers, i.e. playing in front of live video of a dealer dealing cards in a real casino, allows you to be sure that you are not being scammed. Plus, because these dealers are connected to a real, land-based casino, you can be sure that it is closely monitored.Search the online forums and comparators  Its a technique thats a bit homemade, but its still as effective as ever. By browsing the forums that deal with this topic, you will find valuable opinions and feedback on many online casinos. This way, you can easily be alerted against the scams of certain online gambling sites. Also, dont hesitate to use online comparators that will give you an idea of the main and most reliable sites search as  casinoguy.orgOf course, no casino is and will never be unanimous. You must therefore learn to take things into account and not let yourself be discouraged by neg ative criticism or catastrophic feedback. So read as much feedback as possible about the casino you are interested in to find the information you need.

12 Angry Men Conflict Analysis - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 1 Words: 322 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2019/04/12 Category Art Essay Level High school Tags: 12 Angry Men Essay Film Analysis Essay Did you like this example? Task oriented conflict refers to a disagreement between members of any group due to different approaches on how to view objective issues. Relation oriented conflict is more of a disagreement among a group due to different personalities and their interrelationship. In the film 12 angry men, the two types of conflict are explored. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "12 Angry Men Conflict Analysis" essay for you Create order The conflict between juror 9 and other jurors in the film was due to them having different perspectives of voting guilty or not guilty. This represented a task oriented conflict. On the other hand, the egoistic nature of juror 3 made him to vote not guilty, described as a sadist; he voted this due to his sour relationship with juror 8. Conflict management styles are the strategies that are applied to identify and handle conflicts fairly, safely, sensibly and efficiently. In the film 12 angry jurors, these strategies were applied to solve personal and task oriented conflicts within the jurors. The problem of ego caused a conflict between juror 3 and other jurors and usually resulted to conflict, however the other judges were calm at him and politely dissuaded him from charging the young man on trial as guilty. He therefore realized that the conflict was not personal therefore his ego receded and conflict was resolved. In a system, the process involves inputs that go through the system as throughputs and out as output which is released to the environment for feedback purposes. Inputs are things that are put into a system and the outputs are the results of the process. A throughput on the other hand is a technology or product put into a system to enable an input to be converted into the desired output. An environment is the place out of the system where the output is applied. In the film 12 angry jurors examples of inputs is the case against the young man, the output is the verdict of the judges.Evidence for or against the tried young man is the throughput.

Segmentation, Targeting and Positioning - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 1 Words: 342 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2017/09/13 Category Advertising Essay Did you like this example? MKW1120 Week 8 submission: Market Segmentation, Targeting and Positioning Segment Name| Brief Profile| Sports Shoes Features| â€Å"Run Scotty, Run†| Adult males who like to run on the weekends. | -cushioning impact, shock absorption, good heel control| â€Å"Gym Junkies†| Adult females who are gym members. | -lightweight shoes to prevent foot fatigue-extra shock absorption-double-lasted combination of leather and mesh(support ventilation)-solid rubber with micro-grip for traction on smooth surface-mid-sole sidewall stitching, high airbag -elegant with futurist design (Puma)| â€Å"Hit and Giggle†| Adult female social tennis players. -stability inside and outside shoes-flexibility in the sole beneath the ball of the foot for quick movements-neutral-cushioning shoes for shock absorption -softer soled shoes on soft court -lightweight shoes-price range: $40-80 (Wilson Pro Staff)| â€Å"The Pros†| Professional male football players. | -lightweight syn thetic leather mixed with breathable mesh for cool yet supportive fit-heel inner sleeve offers an improved lockdown-exterior heel cup improves for fast motion -cleats incorporated medial and sideways wraps for better support| â€Å"Lil’ Tackers†| Male and female children who play sub-junior football. -rubber outsole to deliver the traction on the field-synthetic upper with ankle strap for support-phylon midsole for lightweight cushioning-design with a secure midfoot strap and blade style cleats provide strong grip on the field| â€Å"Fast Off the Blocks†| Male and female professional sprinters. | -motion-control shoes -durable rubber outsole for great traction-cushioned insole and collar for a comfy fit-lightweight, stiff and durable-upper part is perforated for breathability| â€Å"The Long DistanceRunner†| Male and female marathon runners. -neutral-cushioning shoes to absorb impact-stability along the medial side of the shoes-lightweight cushioning and durability-maximum rearfoot shock attenuation in all levels of movement| â€Å"Groovy Grandparents†| Over 60s retired couples interested in maintaining health and fitmess. | -comfortability, stability and lightweight-preferable of traditional style shoes-reasonable price| â€Å"Urban Fashionistas†| Adult males who wear sports shoes as fashion. -more preferable on fashionable sneakers (Nike High Dunk, Nike Air Force One)-sleek full grain leather, variety of colour scheme-modern skateboarding style, logo stitched outside heel for status, artistic design for self expression (Nike)- unigue and luxurious, lifestyle design (Puma)-price range: $100-150 (Puma, Nike, Adidas)| Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Segmentation, Targeting and Positioning" essay for you Create order

Poetry - 1461 Words

Analysis of Sonnet 75 (Amoretti) by Edmund Spenser Sonnet 75 is taken from Edmund Spenser’s poem Amoretti which was published in 1595. The poem has been fragmented into 89 short sonnets that combined make up the whole of the poem. The name Amoretti itself means â€Å"little notes† or â€Å"little cupids.† This poem is said to have been written on Spenser’s love affair and eventual marriage to Elizabeth Boyle, his second wife. Sonnet 75 centers on the immortality of spiritual love and the temporality of physical love. In the seventy-fifth sonnet of Amoretti, the line scheme of three quatrains and a rhyming couplet is employed. The rhyme scheme is the typical Spenserian sonnet format of the first quatrain being ABAB, the second being BCBC, the third†¦show more content†¦Normally, nature is associated with the female entity because both are responsible for giving and sustaining life. Here, however, the author’s reason for giving a masculine identity to nature must be because of the malignant role it is playing. Edmund Spenser’s Sonnet 75 from Amorreti is not only an exquisite piece of Elizabethan times, it portrays the quintessential poetry of the time as well. His optimal employment of literary techniques of form, rhyme, imagery, personification and alliteration give the sonnet a wholesome structure and an pleasant quality. Theme : When he writes her name on the sand, her name is washed away by the waves. He tries again and again but his all attempts when the tide is in will be washed. The lover here emphasize that allegorically; The tide represents the time and The sand of seashore represents his memories The word tide refers to the word time also in means of written and sand also refers to his memories because memory is a reflection of the past and it has a particular shape in minds to indicate particular moments and events which we experienced. but this shape in time becomes uncertain as the time passed memory skips over some important or trivial details. So everthing can be forgetton, ,n memory there can be nothing everlasting JUST LÄ °KE HER NAME ON THE SAND OF SEASHORE.. theShow MoreRelatedA Poetry Explication Of Poetry972 Words   |  4 PagesA Poetry Explication of â€Å"Introduction to Poetry† A poetry explication is a fairly short analysis, which describes the possible meanings and relationships of the words, images, and other literary elements that make up a poem. These elements help the reader have an understanding of the poem and what the author is trying to convey in a very effective way. Most young readers don’t usually understand the poems. For this literary explanation the reader had an interest in the poem â€Å"Introduction to poetry†Read MoreThe Importance Of Poetry In Poetry1191 Words   |  5 PagesAlthough poetry evokes many varying opinions among high school students, I believe poetry should be be taught in public schools because it is important to learn different types of writing in english, poetry is a way of self expression, and some students end up loving poetry. This opinion will be made clear by analyzing poetry as well as other literature based on the topic. Poetry is a way of self expression and various of poems show this. For example the poem, Why Am I So Brown by Trinidad SanchezRead MoreRule Analysis : Poetry By Poetry1353 Words   |  6 PagesRule Analysis: Poetry Introduction Poetry is a genre that expresses feeling through rhythm and tone, while creating a realistic vision of what the poet is imagining. Poems can either be short or could be lengthy, but they all have a meaning to them. A poem is often read for its message that it carries. The message is usually hidden in the context of the poem. Poetry is difficult because its language that is used is often indirect with the reader. There is no limit of subjects that can be used inRead MorePoetry1312 Words   |  6 Pages A Definition Of Poetry What is poetry? The question What is poetry used to be easier to answer. If it rhymed and had a regular  meter  (a type of rhythm), it probably was a poem. 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COULD SAY MORE SPECIFICALLY WHAT CHALLENGES HE IS RESPONDING TO HERE The essay operates underRead MoreThe Poetry Of Children s Poetry Essay2339 Words   |  10 Pages Poetry enchants and delights children of all ages, with its musical rhythms, playful imagery, and charming wordplay. There are millions of children’s poems compiled in every way imaginable. From the traditional Mother Goose nursery rhymes to the modern and innovative works of Shel Silverstein, children’s poetry has no lack of variation and novelty. They can have instructional value, like the rhymes used in classrooms and schoolbooks to teach letters and the months of the year, or read for pure enjoymentRead MorePoetry Analysis of Introduction to Poetry837 Words   |  4 PagesPoetry analysis of ‘Introduction to Poetry’ The Poem â€Å"Introduction to Poetry† is by Billy Collins, an English poet, and it is about how teachers often force students to over-analyze poetry and to try decipher every possible meaning portrayed throughout the poem rather than allowing the students to form their own interpretation of the poem based on their own experiences. Throughout the poem, a number of literary devices are used. For example: â€Å"or press an ear against its hive†. Using this metaphorRead MorePoetry2569 Words   |  11 PagesMr. Dato was born in Camarines Sur in 1906. As a student he became interested in poetry. His first book, Filipino Poetry was published in 1924 and is considered the first anthology of Filipino poems in English. He published his own poems in Manila : A Collection of Verses (1926). He preferred the classical tradition and his favorite form was the sonnet. The smooth rhythm of his verse is similar to Longfellow’s poetry. In 1936 Mr. Dato published My Book of Verses. Jose Garcia Villa has included twoRead MoreEmily Dickinson s Poetry And Poetry1312 Words   |  6 Pagesdark, meditative and defiant toned poems about death, gender and poetry itself, often challenging social beliefs and traditions. Each poem sticks to these pre-modernist views and styles, but place the emphasis on different aspects of her common themes. Although the poems are similar in form and their uses of metaphors, the focus of these poems are different, â€Å"I dwell in Possibility† focuses on the limitless possibilities of poetry and the power associated with it, while â€Å"They shut me up in Prose†Read MorePoetry1463 Words   |  6 Pages|SECTION B | | | |Spend about 1 hour on this section. Think carefully about the poems before you write your answer. | |In the first

Aims And Objectives Of UNFCC - Click to Get Sample Solution

Question: Describe about United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) meetings Conference of Parties (CoP). Answer: Introduction United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) meetings - Conference of Parties (CoP) was formed in 1992 with an aim to develop a common platform to discuss the global climate issues with the nations (Briner et al.2014). In the paper, the recent development in the policies of UNFCC is discussed in details to understand the importance of climate change. Later, UAE is taken as one of the country which produces maximum energy and emits carbon in the process. Emission of carbon is harmful for the green environment.UAE economy has been discussed and its energy policy is explained in the paper to highlight the steps taken by UAE government to achieve the objectives of UNFCCC The paper further discussed the role of UAE government in reducing the impact on climate change and the changes it has made in his energy policy to meet the requisite requirement of UNFCCC. The paper gives a critical analysis of the role of UAE in this respect which is the largest oil producing country of the world. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) meetings - Conference of Parties (CoP) UNFCC was formed in 1992 as an international treaty where the countries agreed to cooperate for combating climate change by taking necessary steps to control rise in temperature. In 1995, all the 196 countries where legally roped to achieve the target reduction in emission by Kyoto Protocol (Byrne and Portanger 2014). The latest, December 2015 UNFCC meet of 195 nations in Paris have ended with a notable agreement signed by all the nations present in the meet to reduce climate change by adopting policies to invest in projects to limit the usage of carbon to have resilient and sustainable environment in the world. The main aim of the agreement is to maintain the global temperature increase below 2 degree Celsius. The agreement insists on taking future steps by the nation to reduce it 1.5 degree Celsius. It asks the nation to enhance their potentiality to deal with the impact of climate change. UNFCC is ready to support the countries financially for any step towards supporting the climate change problem (CARTER and JACOBS 2013). The key issues of the agreement were to mitigate the emission in the nations in order to obtain the temperature goal. A transparency system is to be placed for making the countries accountable for the climate change. Each country should strengthen their ability to deal with the impacts of the climate change. UNFCC is ready to give financial support to the nations for building a clean and resilient environment in the future. The meeting concluded with note that each country has to submit their future action plan to achieve the objectives of climate change (Chuffart 2014). The agreement has asked the nations to upgrade their plan of action in every five years which is called as Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC) and gradually move to long run policy for better world climate by 2020. Overall, the Paris agreement has send a powerful message to the nations across the globe that each nation should be committed to achieve a low-carbon and resilient future for a better climate tomorro w (Change 2016). United Arab Emirates (UAE) UAE is a country located in the Arabian Peninsula consists of seven emirates, namely, Dubai, Sharjah, Ras Al Khaimah, Abu Dhabi,Um Al Quwain, Ajman and Fujairah. It was formed in 1971 (King and Gulledge 2013). Today, it is one of the major oil exporting country of the world and 40% of its Gross Domestic Product is directly based on oil gas production (Widerberg and Pattberg 2014). The country has natural gas reserves of 6,091 billion cubic metres and proven crude oil reserves of 97,800 million barrels, given by annual statistical bulletin, 2015 of OPEC (Opec.org 2016). It makes the country sixth largest in proven oil reserves and fifth largest in natural gas reserves. Hence the country is the major supplier in the world energy market standing to third largest exporter of crude oil (Surminski and Eldridge 2015). Energy policy of UAE UAE has adopted several methods to diversify their energy supply and has taken special care to ensure its reliability in the future. The government of UAE has always encouraged clean energy, as the major source of earning in UAE is energy production, the government always invested for productive green industries (Kendall 2014). They have adopted special policies to encourage the efficiency of energy in UAE. In this respect, a federal energy policy has been developed to ensure green energy power. It has concentrated both on nuclear and solar energy along with natural gas (Chukwuma 2014). Through prudent energy policy, the country has developed enormous solar and nuclear energy. They have always adopted innovative technologies to increase the efficiency of the energy. The country has adopted a resilience strategy towards investment in research and development for the conservation of their energy resource (Van 2014). They aim their policy to obtain sustainable solutions for the energy resource. They have also worked towards reducing the emission for supporting the world in the mission of reducing the impact of climate change. Their energy policies are designed towards clean energy, efficient energy, and enhanced energy and to encourage the share of renewable energy for sustainability (Contestabile 2014). Dubai, one of the important countries of UAE has developed an integrated energy strategy 2030 which opt to develop ceaseless supply of energy, increase the efficiency of managing electricity demand to promote sustainable living standards. The 2030 strategy of Dubai is to rationalise the resource and to preserve the environment. They also aim green economy to bring sustainability (Emebiri 2015). They have concentrated on reducing the green house gas emission in water and power sector to focus on green and sustainable economy. The country has developed low carbon generating technology to support the aim of reducing global impact of climate change (Sayigh 2013). They have invested in environmental friendly technology project such as waste to energy to support the global aim of reducing impact of climate change. Innovation has taken the form of green fuel, bio-fuel and electric car charging station in the city. The country has recognized that to have a healthy environment for the population, they need to concentrate on green energy. They have supported the UNFCCC goal of green energy by introducing the usage of electric and hybrid vehicles and natural gas (Cordesman and Shelala 2013). UAE and UNFCCC UNFCC has been the main international forum which is aiming to bring all the nations of the world together for negotiating on actions and plans on establishing green economy in the world. The recent meet in December 2015 of UNFCC has set up a target for all countries to release their action plan for establishing green economy and reducing the emission of carbon in their country as carbon usage leads to the maximum deterioration of climate and encourage global warming. In regard to this, UAE has decided to work actively towards projects that reduce the average temperature rise to 2% of the world (Morgan and Waskow 2013). They have accepted the impact of climate change as a global issue and demanded the action by all the countries. UAE has demanded a common platform where all the member nations of UNFCCC will discuss their actions for mitigate the impact of climate change (Helgeson and Ellis 2015). One of the major steps taken by UAE after December 2015 meeting with UNFCCC is to make direct investment on clean energy project. They have also given priority to diversify their economy and reduce the dependence on energy production for growth and development (Lane 2014). One of the initiatives taken by them after UNFCCC meet is to adopt projects of knowledge based rather than resource-based. This will automatically reduce the usage of energy resource and helps to emit low carbon. The country has promised to look forward to more such activities which help to reduce the impact of climate change in terms of global perspectives (Kato et al.2014). The seriousness of UAE can be supported by seeing its participation in other similar type of organization where the same issues of climate change are discussed. It has played a key role in many similar summits in the matter of climate change impact. It also acts as a bridge building country which supports the legal binding for bringing less temperature impact of climate change (Kirschbaum 2014). One of the key drivers is the flagship programme of UAE for aluminium extraction development called as Emirates Global Aluminium, which shows the attempt of UAE to diversify its economy from crude production to other sectors. This highlights a genuine attempt of UAE to reach the target of no carbon emission by 2030, as discussed in the UNFCCC meet in Paris (Hood and Briner 2014). UAE has taken out an Economic Vision 2030 as a plan of action to support the UNFCCC target achieving plan of each member nation. In it, the country has mentioned the requirement of converting waste to energy, to encourage renewable energy source, to have sustainable transport system, to secure water usage and to promote rational use of fuels. An aluminium giant was formed in Abu Dhabi to support their interest of developing Aluminium industry (Hood et al. 2015). The government also aim to expand their aluminium production internationally to reduce their dependence on crude oil production for the growth and development of the country. The government is seriously thinking of diversify its production by encouraging downstream industries to develop and in meeting the long term target of reducing carbon emission as suggested by UNFCCC Paris meet. Conclusion To conclude, the paper highlights the problem of global climate change impact on the world economy. It discusses the major issues which were discussed in UNFCCC meet of Paris and bring in light the main objectives and aims of Paris agreement concluded between 195 countries. The agreement has made each nation accountable for reducing the impact of climate change on the global economy by declaring action plan to achieve targeted reduction of carbon usage in their nation (Kim 2014). The UNFCCC has asked each nation to show their commitment for reducing the impact of climate change in their nations environment and to achieve the goal gradually in the long run. The paper further discusses UAE, a member nation, plans and action taken in its energy policy to reduce carbon emission and bind with the rule of UNFCCC. The energy policy of UAE shows their concern for renewable energy, low carbon emission, usage of battery cars and other actions which highlights the measures taken by the government to combat the impact of climate change in the global perspective. References Briner, G., Kato, T., Konrad, S. and Hood, C. 2014.Taking Stock of the UNFCCC Process and its Inter-linkages. Paris: OECD Publishing. Byrne, J. and Portanger, C. 2014. Climate Change, Energy Policy and Justice: A Systematic Review.Analyse Kritik, 36(2). CARTER, N. and JACOBS, M. 2013. EXPLAINING RADICAL POLICY CHANGE: THE CASE OF CLIMATE CHANGE AND ENERGY POLICY UNDER THE BRITISH LABOUR GOVERNMENT 2006-10.Public Administration, 92(1), pp.125-141. Change, U. 2016.Paris Climate Change Conference - November 2015. [online] Unfccc.int. Available at: https://unfccc.int/meetings/paris_nov_2015/meeting/8926.php [Accessed 23 Mar. 2016]. Chuffart-Finsterwald, S. 2014. Environmental Technology Transfer and Dissemination under the UNFCCC: Achievements and New Perspectives.Environmental Claims Journal, 26(3), pp.238-260. Chukwuma, O. 2014. Review of Studies On Global Warming And Climate Change In Nigeria.IOSR Journal of Engineering, 4(10), pp.19-27. Contestabile, M. 2014. Energy policy: Financing clean energy.Nature Climate Change, 4(9), pp.758-758. Cordesman, A. and Shelala, R. 2013.US and Iranian strategic competition. Washington, DC: CSIS, Center for Strategic International Studies, Burke Chair. Emebiri, L. 2015. Breeding malting barley for consistently low grain protein to sustain production against predicted changes from global warming.Molecular Breeding, 35(1). Helgeson, J. and Ellis, J. 2015.The role of the 2015 agreement in enhancing adaptation to climate change. Paris: OECD Publishing. Hood, C. and Briner, G. 2014.Energy Sector Transformation. Paris: OECD Publishing. Hood, C., Adkins, L. and Levina, E. 2015.Overview of INDCs Submitted by 31 August 2015. Paris: OECD Publishing. Kato, T., Ellis, J. and Clapp, C. 2014.The Role of the 2015 Agreement in Mobilising Climate Finance. Paris: OECD Publishing. Kendall, A. 2014. Climate change mitigation: Deposing global warming potentials.Nature Climate Change, 4(5), pp.331-332. Kim, J. 2014. Energy security and climate change: How oil endowment influences alternative vehicle innovation.Energy Policy, 66, pp.400-410. King, M. and Gulledge, J. 2013. Climate change and energy security: an analysis of policy research.Climatic Change, 123(1), pp.57-68. Kirschbaum, M. 2014. Climate-change impact potentials as an alternative to global warming potentials.Environ. Res. Lett., 9(3), p.034014. Lane, J. 2014. The Resolution Of The Cornucopian-Ecologist Issue On Global Warming-Climate Change.ABR, 2(4), pp.87-93. Morgan, J. and Waskow, D. 2013. A new look at climate equity in the UNFCCC.Climate Policy, 14(1), pp.17-22. Opec.org. 2016.OPEC : United Arab Emirates. [online] Available at: https://www.opec.org/opec_web/en/about_us/170.htm [Accessed 23 Mar. 2016]. Sayigh, A. 2013.Sustainability, energy and architecture. [Place of publication not identified]: Elsevier academic Press. Surminski, S. and Eldridge, J. 2015. Observations on the role of the private sector in the UNFCCC's loss and damage of climate change work program.International Journal of Global Warming, 8(2), p.213. Van Renssen, S. 2014. Energy security vs climate policy.Nature Climate Change, 4(9), pp.756-757. Widerberg, O. and Pattberg, P. 2014. International Cooperative Initiatives in Global Climate Governance: Raising the Ambition Level or Delegitimizing the UNFCCC?.Glob Policy, 6(1), pp.45-56.

Data Mining Essays - Business Intelligence, Data Management

Data Mining In today's business world, information about the customer is a necessity for a businesses trying to maximize its profits. A new, and important, tool in gaining this knowledge is Data Mining. Data Mining is a set of automated procedures used to find previously unknown patterns and relationships in data. These patterns and relationships, once extracted, can be used to make valid predictions about the behavior of the customer. Data Mining is generally used for four main tasks: (1) to improve the process of making new customers and retaining customers; (2) to reduce fraud; (3) to identify internal wastefulness and deal with that wastefulness in operations, and (4) to chart unexplored areas of the internet (Cavoukian). The fulfillment of these tasks can be enhanced if appropriate data has been collected and if that data is stored in a data warehouse. This makes it much easier and more efficient to run queries over data that originally came from different sources. When data about an organization's practices is easier to access, it becomes more economical to mine. ?Without the pool of validated and scrubbed data that a data warehouse provides, the data mining process requires considerable additional effort to pre-process the data? (SAS Institute). There are several different types of models and algorithms used to ?mine? the data. These include, but are not limited to, neural networks, decision trees, rule induction, boosting, and genetic algorithms. Data Mining is largely, if not entirely used for business purposes. The highest users of data mining include banking, financial, and telecommunications industries (Two Crows). Data mining will have a different effect on different industries in the business world. The key to succeeding in this rapidly changing industry is to understand the customer, or the market that the customer represents. Through data mining, companies can know what their customers have done in the past and what they will do in the future. With this information, the companies will be in ideal positions to make business decisions based on the information they have gained from the data mining process. Data Mining Essays - Business Intelligence, Data Management Data Mining In today's business world, information about the customer is a necessity for a businesses trying to maximize its profits. A new, and important, tool in gaining this knowledge is Data Mining. Data Mining is a set of automated procedures used to find previously unknown patterns and relationships in data. These patterns and relationships, once extracted, can be used to make valid predictions about the behavior of the customer. Data Mining is generally used for four main tasks: (1) to improve the process of making new customers and retaining customers; (2) to reduce fraud; (3) to identify internal wastefulness and deal with that wastefulness in operations, and (4) to chart unexplored areas of the internet (Cavoukian). The fulfillment of these tasks can be enhanced if appropriate data has been collected and if that data is stored in a data warehouse. This makes it much easier and more efficient to run queries over data that originally came from different sources. When data about an organization's practices is easier to access, it becomes more economical to mine. ?Without the pool of validated and scrubbed data that a data warehouse provides, the data mining process requires considerable additional effort to pre-process the data? (SAS Institute). There are several different types of models and algorithms used to ?mine? the data. These include, but are not limited to, neural networks, decision trees, rule induction, boosting, and genetic algorithms. Data Mining is largely, if not entirely used for business purposes. The highest users of data mining include banking, financial, and telecommunications industries (Two Crows). Data mining will have a different effect on different industries in the business world. The key to succeeding in this rapidly changing industry is to understand the customer, or the market that the customer represents. Through data mining, companies can know what their customers have done in the past and what they will do in the future. With this information, the companies will be in ideal positions to make business decisions based on the information they have gained from the data mining process.

How to Use Multiple Intelligences to Study for a Test

How to Use Multiple Intelligences to Study for a Test Are you one of those people who have a difficult time sitting down to study for a test? Perhaps you get distracted and lose focus easily, or maybe you are just not the type of person who likes learning new information from a book, a lecture, or a presentation. Maybe the reason you dislike studying the way youve been taught to study- sitting in a chair with an open book, reviewing your notes- is because your predominant intelligence has nothing to do with words. The theory of multiple intelligences may just be your best friend when you go to study for a test if traditional study methods arent quite suiting you.   The Theory of Multiple Intelligences The theory of multiple intelligences was developed by Dr. Howard Gardner in 1983. He was a professor of education at Harvard University, and believed that traditional intelligence, where a persons I.Q. or intelligence quotient, did not account for the many brilliant ways in which people are smart. Albert Einstein once said, â€Å"Everybody is a genius. But if you judge a fish by its ability to climb a tree, it will live its whole life believing that it is stupid.†Ã‚   Instead of a the traditional one-size-fits-all approach to intelligence, Dr. Gardner stated that he believed there were eight different intelligences that covered the scope of the brilliance possible in men, women, and children. He believed that people have different intellectual abilities and are more adept in some areas than others. In general, people are able to process information in different ways, using different methods for different things. Here are the eight multiple intelligences according to his theory: Verbal-Linguistic Intelligence:  Word Smart  This type of intelligence refers to a persons ability to analyze information and produce work that involves spoken and written language like speeches, books, and emails.  Logical-Mathematical Intelligence:  Number Reasoning Smart  This type of intelligence refers to a persons ability to  develop equations and proofs, make calculations, and solve abstract problems that may or may not be related to numbers.Visual-Spatial Intelligence: Picture Smart  This type of intelligence refers to a persons ability to understand maps and other types of graphical information like charts, tables, diagrams, and pictures.  Bodily-Kinesthetic Intelligence: Body Smart  This type of intelligence refers to a persons ability to  use his or her own body to solve problems, find solutions or create products.Musical Intelligence: Music Smart  This type of intelligence refers to a persons ability to  create and make meaning of different types of sound.Interpersonal Intelligence: People Smart  This type of intelligence refers to a persons ability to  recognize and understand other peoples moods, desires, motivations, and intentions. Intrapersonal Intelligence: Self Smart  This type of intelligence refers to a persons ability to  recognize and understand their own moods, desires, motivations, and intentions.Naturalistic  Intelligence: Nature Smart This type of intelligence refers to a persons ability to identify and distinguish among different types of plants, animals, and weather formations found in the natural world. lt is important to note that you do not have one specific type of intelligence. Everyone has all eight types of intelligences although some types may show up stronger than others. For example, some people approach numbers warily, while others relish the idea of solving complex mathematical problems. Or, one person may quickly and easily learn lyrics and musical notes, but does not excel visually or spatially. Our aptitudes at each of the multiple intelligences can vary widely, but they are all present in each of us. Its important not to label ourselves, or students, as one type of learner with one predominant intelligence because  everyone  can benefit from learning in various ways.   Using the Theory of Multiple Intelligences to Study   When you prepare to study, whether that be for a midterm, a final exam, a chapter test or a standardized test like the ACT, SAT, GRE or even the MCAT, its important to tap into your  many  different intelligences as you take out your notes, study guide or test prep book. Why? Using a variety of methods to take information from the page to your brain can help you remember the info better and longer. Here are a few ways to use several of your multiple intelligences to do just that Tap Into Your Verbal-Linguistic Intelligence With These Study Tricks Write a letter to another person, explaining the mathematical theory youve just learned.Read your notes aloud while studying for your science chapter test.Ask someone to quiz you after youve read through the study guide for your English literature quiz.Quiz via text: text a question to your study partner and read his or her response.Download a SAT app that quizzes you daily.  Record yourself reading your Spanish notes and then listen to your recording in the car on the way to school.   Tap Into Your Logical-Mathematical Intelligence With These Study Tricks Reorganize your notes from Calculus class using an outline method like the Cornell note-taking system.  Compare and contrast different ideas (North vs.South in the Civil War) with one another.  List information into particular categories as you read through your notes. For instance, if youre studying grammar, all parts of speech go in one category while all punctuation rules go in another.  Predict outcomes that could have happened based on the material youve learned. (What would have happened had Hitler never risen to power?)Figure out what was happening in a different part of the world at the same time as what youre studying. (What was happening in Europe during the rise of Genghis Khan?)Prove or disprove a theory based on information youve learned throughout the chapter or semester. Tap Into Your Visual-Spatial Intelligence With These  Study Tricks Break down information from the text into tables, charts, or graphs.Draw a small picture next to each item in a list you need to remember. This is helpful when you have to remember lists of names, because you can  draw a likeness next to each person.Use highlighters or special symbols related to similar ideas in the text. For instance, anything related to Plains Native Americans gets highlighted yellow, and anything related to Northeast Woodlands Native Americans gets highlighted blue, etc.Rewrite your notes using an app that allows you to add pictures.  Ask your teacher if you can take pictures of the science experiment as you go so you remember what happened.   Tap Into Your Bodily-Kinesthetic Intelligence With These  Study Tricks Act out a scene from a play or do the extra science experiment in the back of the chapter.Rewrite your  lecture notes with pencil instead of typing them out. The physical act of writing will help you remember more.As you study, do a physical activity. Shoot hoops while someone quizzes you. Or, jump rope.  Use manipulatives to solve math problems whenever possible.  Build or craft models of items you need to remember or visit physical spaces to cement the idea in your head. Youll remember the bones of the body much better if you touch each part of your body as you learn them, for instance.   Tap Into Your Musical Intelligence With These  Study Tricks Set a long list or chart to a favorite tune. For example, if you have to learn the periodic table of elements, try setting the names of the elements to The Wheels on the Bus or Twinkle, Twinkle Little Star.If you have particularly tough words to remember, try saying their names with different pitches and volumes.  Have a long list of poets to remember? Assign a noise (a clap, a wrinkled paper, a stomp) to each.  Play lyric-free music when you study so the lyrics dont compete for brain space.   Multiple Intelligences Vs. Learning Style The theory that you have many ways of being intelligent is different from Neil Flemings VAK theory of learning styles. Fleming states that there were three (or four, depending on which theory is used) dominant learning styles: Visual, Auditory and Kinesthetic. Check out this learning styles quiz to see which one of those learning styles you tend to use most!

Intrigue at the Immune Synapse Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Intrigue at the Immune Synapse - Assignment Example This also allows the persistence of infectious organisms inside cells, leading to chronic infections. The development of high-resolution microscopy techniques and computer enhancement of previously used imaging methods to create three-dimensional images has allowed visualization and observation of immune synapses. 5. The author states, ‘virtually all the surface (cytoplasmic membrane) proteins involved in immune cells’ recognition of disease (pathogens) have been identified and named.† If this is true, then why is the immune synapse such a profound discovery? Although the proteins involved have been identified and named, their roles and how they bring about communication between immune cells has not been entirely discovered. These discoveries, including that on the immune synapse, can be made by observing or ‘just watching’ the cells and proteins at work. The team of Charles A. Janeway, Jr., at Yale University performed the following experiment in 1988: they fitted T cells tightly into the pores of a membrane, which was then immersed in a solution. A stimulant to activate T cells was added to the solution on only 1 side of the membrane. They then detected proteins secreted by activated T cells in the solution containing the stimulant, but the proteins were absent in the stimulant-free solution on the other side of the membrane. This experiment demonstrated the ability of immune cells to secrete proteins after activation specifically in the direction of the stimulant. The neuronal and immune synapses are similar as they both involve communication and signal transduction between two cells through the interaction and activity of specific proteins. Neuronal and immune synapses also seem to share some common proteins, such as the Agrin protein and the Neuropilin-1 receptor. The synapse structure of both cell types forms a bull’s-eye pattern. However, they have differences too. Neuronal

Weekly Journal #8 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Weekly Journal #8 - Essay Example Doing contrary is likely to cause confusion and lack of focus, which may lead to failure or stalling of a therapy. Additional point collectible from the readings is that family therapy approaches can apply in the treatment of other psychological and behavioral malfunctions such as substance abuse, childhood depression, eating disorder, internalizing disorder, childhood depression and childhood anxiety. As a qualified counselor, one needs to accept and value concepts of effective integration as presented in the readings. Actually, an experienced counselor should never combine many approaches to family therapy in their entirety. Instead, one should select and borrow important concepts from other models, which are relevant and capable of addressing challenges and differences encountered at different levels of therapy. In addition, an experienced counselor need to apply more of specially designed integrative model when doing therapy. This can help in avoiding confusion and making clients understand complexity of stages and perhaps reasons for changing in costs of therapy. The concept of preferred view can also help experienced counselors identify problems and dysfunctional relationship quickly (Nichols, 2013). The readings of the week also contain many insights that can be vital to a family therapist. One of the insights is that a therapist can use family therapy approaches to treat other behavioral problems such as childhood depression, childhood anxiety, substance abuse and eating disorders among others. Another insight is that therapeutic techniques are dynamic and multidimensional as concepts of one technique can help in resolving problems encountered during application of another technique (Nichols, 2013). Prior to the week’s readings, one would be thinking that integration of family therapy approaches is wrong and, professionally,

Marketing Analysis of GOD Essay Example for Free

Marketing Analysis of GOD Essay Company Description: GOD is now a fast-growing furniture and furnishings company brand in Hong Kong. They describe them as More Than Just a Furniture Store. GOD is the phonetic sound of the Cantonese slang to live better which a basic human desire all around the world. The founder of GOD Douglas Young and Benjamin Lau opened the first GOD store at Ap Lei Chau in 1996. Within 2 years, two more shops opened in Central and Tsim Sha Tsui respectively. In 2001, GOD has opened a 20,000 sq. ft. flagship store in Causeway Bay. The mission of GOD has always been to define a new Hong Kong identity by exploring age-old oriental traditions and updating them with modern consumers in mind, their demonstrations of the techniques and wisdom of past generations in the east still has a place in the future world. Most of the furniture of GOD is made in China to their stringent standards of quality and workmanship. Their products range from furniture, bathware, kitchenware to even lighting and carpets. Among these various products, furniture occupies the highest proportion of sales revenues. What makes GOD different from other convectional furniture and furnishing company is that all of their furniture is designed by local designers. The company is strongly against todays mass produced and soulless products. The main theme of their furniture is creative, comfortable, and multifunctional. In order to surprise their customers, GOD constantly turns out new items on a weekly basis. Because the marketing strategy in GOD is so clear that make the company become one of the few furniture companies that can still make a profit, and even expand their business, in the time of economy downturn in HK these years. Situation Analysis: 1. SWOT Analysis: Internally, GOD has a management team with designing knowledge which could perfectly apply to the daily management in the company. Small size of management team also benefits the company with the efficient division of  labor. Despite the fact of having numerous competitors with lower price, G.O.D. is still taking the leading role in the industry with its unique offerings of the oriental tradition Asian design in products, as well as the extraordinary decoration in each branch . G.OD is expanding its market share by connecting to other different industries, so as to attract more customers from different aspects. The diversification of production and also the custom made strategy contribute to the company as it prevent excess inventory. Moreover, its own RD team takes a big responsibility in fulfilling the demand of the customers in having a better quality. Other than all those favorable circumstances, G.OD is still encountering certain weaknesses. Due to the short history of establishment, G.O.D. is lack of experience and specialization. Its relatively high price and narrow choice of products has also prevented the visit and purchase of customers. Also, due to the limited capital inflow in the company, GOD is still not able to develop a large RD team; it also regards advertisement as a big burden for the company. Regardless of the success of the manufacturing approach, it, on the other hand, has lead to the high cost of production as it could not achieve the economy of scale. Favorable external factors include the increasing upscale market which people are more concerned about quality of life, there are only few and not well-established local competitors, and as the economic is recovering, there are more opportunities. Ergonomics is one of the most popular topics in furniture industry because the customers perceived value can be raised by introducing it. Unfavorable external factors include the taste of customers which people like international culture more, like Japan. In addition, the favorable investment condition attracts competitor from foreign countries. 2. Industry analysis: The furniture and furnishing industry has a long history in Hong Kong. It includes the production of household, office and furniture, as well as  bedding and parts of furniture. There are 249 furniture manufacturers in Hong Kong, employing more than 704 people as at Sep 2002. Around 90% of them are small companies engaging less than 10 people . Although it is not the major industry in the local market, the competition is very keen. In terms of market segmentation, the current furniture industry in Hong Kong is generally divided into three main categories: high-end, middle-end and lower-end market. However, in the past, the craft-based, labor-intensive furniture industry was one of the oldest industries in Hong Kong. It was developed to meet local demands. At that time, the furniture industry was dominated by a large number of small firms and could be divided into three major sectors, namely, wooden furniture, rattan furniture and metal furniture . After the economic crisis in 1998, many small companies went bankrupt and customers incentive on buying furniture was lower. To maintain their competitive power, many large companies strive to reduce their costs and increase their efficiency. Some relocate their manufacturing operations to other areas with lower operation costs like Mainland China. Foreign manufacturers are taking steps to strengthen their domestic production through production specialization. Hong Kongs furniture makers also start to establish their own brands and some concept stores in order to develop their unique product lines to differentiate their firms from the others. Companies like GOD and Franc Franc are the most apparent examples which produce products with Hong Kong local characteristics and Japanese culture respectively. Recently, due to the economic recovery and the change of customer trend, people are going to be responsive to the new trends and design of furniture. Thus, the industry is going to produce products to cater the needs of Hong Kong people. Also, many furniture manufacturers become more careful about the choice of raw materials to meet international standards, such as compliance with legal or other environmental requirements in their target markets. Because of the limited living space in Hong Kong, the industry produces the furniture which is highly practical and multi- functional. Moreover, most of them embrace innovative designs and combinations of furnishings which allow them to save home spaces and provide a sense of style and modernism. To cater the growing trend and design of furniture which correspond to their taste and lifestyle, the industry produces DIY furniture which can let consumers to make their unique furniture with their own styles. Moreover, most of them are made of the environmental friendly materials for production. 3. Competitor Analysis: Competitors in relevant market: There are three main competitors of GOD in Hong Kong, accordingly Franc Franc, IKEA and PRICERITE. Their target market segments do not necessarily the same but do have some overlapping as they both target on the market segments of middle-income level families. Further, the mission of their competitors also stress on developing a new concept of life style to Hong Kong people. Franc Francs company would invest over 30 million dollars in Hong Kong and expect there will be 36 million HK dollars gross profit in the first year. There will also be 2 or 3 new branches opened in the next few years. They will be mainly located in some big shopping malls. IKEA have 4 branches in Hong Kong mainly located near big housing town. IKEA is the most well known furniture company in Hong Kong due to the massive advertising programs. The concepts of their design are simple, multi-functional and sustainable. They also have a successful and well-developed customer service system which helps them to develop the loyalty of their customers. PRICERITEs target group mainly focuses on lower income families. They  provide a relatively low price to their customers, thus helping them to develop a low cost, comfortable and multifunctional living environment. They have over 45 branches in Hong Kong so as consumers can easily find a PRICERITE nearby. Comparative advantages: 1. GODUniqueness of local culture In these years, many industries especially those expose frequently to young people like filmdom and musical industry, advocate local original design and innovation. This atmosphere makes young people create a good feeling to Hong Kong local products. Today, GOD is the unique furniture store with strong Hong Kong concept. What Hong Kong concept here means is Hong Kongs own culture and social atmosphere. GOD is a local brand and all of their exclusive designers are local. GOD claims their products have soul because their products can turn out local peoples opinion and attitude to lives. It can attract a group of Hong Kong new generation who like to show off their characters and tastes by their home furniture . 2. Franc FrancAdhere to Japanese-styled goods The trend in Japan always is a benchmark for the young people in Hong Kong. It is because the young people in Hong Kong think Japanese always stand on the tips of the trend. Thus, most of them are adherent to Japanese-styled goods. Many Japanese brands like Fancl and Sanrio have successfully developed their business in Hong Kong. Their successes are also based on this reason. Franc Franc is the sole furniture concept store with Japanese style in Hong Kong. This make it exclusively enjoys the adherent from Hong Kong young people in this market . 3. IKEACost Leadership To provide goods with high quality at relatively low prices, IKEA drives tough bargains with its suppliers in order to employ lowest cost suppliers  of raw and semi-finished goods from all over the world. IKEA Also, their products developers seek out manufacturers who can produce in the most cost-effective way and designers always work with solutions that result in a low price. This cost-focused supply chain model results in getting the goods with cheapest price and good quality.

Loves Executioner, by Irvin D. Yalom Essay -- Literary Analysis, Yalo

In the story, â€Å"Loves Executioner†, Yalom treats and old woman named â€Å"Thelma† that is overly obsessed with her a former therapist from ten years ago named Matthew. Yalom feeling though that he is drawn to the facets of her dilemma decides to do everything he can to empower Thelma move past the obsessions that had been wrecking havoc on her mental health. Although Thelma’s love obsession with her therapist, and her subjective experiences on life of what is preventing her from living in the present, Yalom attempts to treat a 70-year-old woman only to learn that being love executioner more complicated as he had anticipated. First and foremost are Yalom and Thelma’s first meeting. In beginning, Yalom is intrigued with her love obsession with Matthew and couldn’t understand why her former therapist that was considerably younger would even want to have sexual relations Thelma as he describes her as, â€Å"a shabby old woman† (Yalom, 2000). The possibly of helping her move past her obsession to ease her suffering, were the reasons why Yalom ultimately decides to treat her. I thought that though Yalom had good intentions from the start to treat her, I think that he was thrown off by her demands as she tells him right from the start, â€Å"Eight years ago I had a love affair with my therapist. Since then he has never left my mind. I almost killed myself once and I believe I will succeed the next time. You are my last hope.† (Yalom, 2000 p. 18) A person that has been seeing therapists for over twenty years and be stuck on an obsession for ten, I thought, was rather intimidating and I think that Yalom did the best he could to remain optimistic. If I had a patient like Thelma that told me that I was her last hope and if I could not help her she wi... ...ought that in some ways Yalom lost his patience, but he was on time constraints had more time to work with Thelma, therapy may have turned out different. This was defiantly one most confusing and intricate stories I have read in Yalom’s book and that the overall take home message I took from this was that, love and obsessions are hard to intellectualize and understand objectively as much as we would like to. Although what may be logically the best decision, love is not based on logic and that the only loves executioner cannot come from the suggestions of another person or therapist, but more from themselves and within. I think this quote states the story best, â€Å"Love and Psychotherapy are fundamentally incompatible. A good therapist fights darkness and seeks illumination, while romantic love is sustained by mystery and crumbles upon inspection† (Yalom, 2000 p. 17)

Understanding the Financial Statements

Submitted By:Salina Thapa Rana Magar (12077697)Sona Limbu (12078108)FINC20018 Managerial FinanceProfessor: Angelique McInnesCentral Queensland UniversityBrisbane Campus Term 1 201821st April 2018Table of ContentsQuestion No. 1: Understanding the Financial Statements (Chapter 3) Answer:Part 1:Financial Statement shows the total financial functioning of the firm. Any business entities can easily assume the financial status of the company by using the financial statement of the company. At the end of specific period, each business prepares Profit and Loss Account (Income Statement), Statement of Financial Position (Balance Sheet), Statement of Cash Flows (Cash flow statement) and Statement of Changes in Equity. Cash flow statement is one of the major financial statement which records all the amount that a business is receiving from its business transactions as well as the amount that it disburses. The cash flow statement is prepared to find out how business is generating cash and how effectively they are utilizing their cash resources in productive sector. Cash flow statement if managed properly would help the firm to skip cash crisis in the business. As a result, business can assure the availability of cash to cover the due expenses. Cash flow statement depicts the position of economic status of the companyThe main objective of preparing cash flow is:To find out the sources and areas of cash incoming and cash outgoing respectively.To allocate the situation on which business might be in the position of cash insufficiency or cash surplus.Cash flow statement is prepared to predict future cash inflows or outflows. To deliver information regarding the capability of firm to pay its liabilities or taxes.To evaluate whether the firm is on the right track or not by measuring the overall financial records of the company at specific time.To deliver information for making capital budgeting decisions. To evaluate the overall performance of the firm by making comparison between their actual performance and future predictions of cash flow. Part 2Cash flow statement shows the mobility cash in three different areas of business activities: Operating activitiesFinancing activitiesInvesting activitiesCash flow statement provides the answer to the following questions:What are the primary sources of cash incoming?What are the basic operating activities of a firm to generate cash? How does the firm manage their extra funds if the business faces shortages?What are the main investment areas of business?What is the reason behind increase or decrease in cash flow?Part 3a) Calculation of Quality of Earnings RatioThe quality of earnings ratio for two firms i.e. Woodside Petroleum Ltd and Origin Energy for the latest three years is calculated as follows:Woodside Petroleum Ltd (WPL.AX)2017 2016 2015Quality of Earning Ratio = Cash flow from operationsNet Profit = 2,400,0001,024,000 = 2.3438 = 2,587,000868,000= 2.9804 = 2,475,00026,000 = 95. 1923Origin Energy (ORG.AX)2017 2016 2015Quality of Earning Ratio = Cash flow from operationsNet Profit = 1,289,000-2,226,000 = – 0.5791 = 1,404,000-628,000= – 2.2357 = 1,833,000-658,000 = -2.7857b)c) Capital Acquisition RatioThe capital acquisition ratio for both firms i.e. Woodside Petroleum Ltd and Origin Energy for the latest three years is calculated in the following tables:Woodside Petroleum Ltd (WPL.AX)2017 2016 2015 Cash Acquisition Ratio= Cash flow from operationsCash paid forcapital expenditure= 2,400,0001,390,000 = 1.7266 = 2,587,0001,860,000= 1.3909 = 2,475,0001,819,000 = 1.3606Origin Energy (ORG.AX)2017 2016 2015Cash AcquisitionRatio= Cash flow from operationsCash paid forcapital expenditure = 1,289,000-419,000 = – 3.0764 = 1,404,000-572,000= – 2.4545 = 1,833,000-1,484,000 = -1.2352 d)After comparing Woodside Petroleum Ltd and Origin Energy's ability to utilize the operating cash flow to finance their capital expenditure, we came to the conclusion that †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.Question No. 2: The Income Statement (Chapter 3)Answer: a.CQU Oil LimitedIncome StatementFor the year ended†¦.Sales $ 2,500,000Cost of Goods Sold (700,000)Gross Profit 1,800,000Operating Expenses Cash Operating Expenses 150,000 Depreciation Expenses 150,000 Total Operating Expenses (300,000)Operating Profit 1,500,000Interest Expenses (200,000)Profit Before Tax 1300,000Tax (390,000)Net Profit 910,000b. From the above income statement, we can see that CQU Oil's taxable Income and Tax Payable for the year are $ 1300,000 and $ 390,000 respectively. d.Question No. 3: Financial Analysis (Chapter 4)Calculation of Financial RatiosThe financial ratios for both firms i.e. West farmers Ltd and Woolworths Ltd for the most recent year i.e. 2017 are calculated as follows:West farmers Ltd (WES) Woolworths Ltd (WOW)1. Liquidity RatioCurrent Ratio = Current AssetsCurrent Liabilities = 9667 / 10417 = 0.928002303 = 0.9280 times Current Ratio = Current AssetsCurrent Liabilities. = 6994.2 / 15921.6 = 0.43929 = 0.4393 timesQuick Ratio= Current Assets –InventoryCurrent Liabilities = (9667 -6530) / 10417 = 3137 / 10417 = 0.3012 times Quick Ratio= Current Assets –InventoryCurrent Liabilities = (6994.2 – 4080.4) / 15921.6 = 2913.80 / 15921.6 = 0.1830 timesInventory Ratio=Cost of Goods SoldInventoryInventory Ratio=Cost of Goods SoldInventory = 39739.7 / 4080.4 = 9.7392 times2. Capital Structure RatioDebt Ratio = Total LiabilitiesTotal Assets = 16174 / 40115 = 0.4032 = 40.32% Debt Ratio = Total LiabilitiesTotal Assets= 13039.7 / 22915.8 = 0.5690= 56.90%Interest Coverage Ratio =EBITInterest Expense = 4402 / 213 = 20.6667 Interest Coverage Ratio =EBITInterest Expense3. Asset Management Efficiency RatioTotal Asset Turnover =SalesTotal Assets = 68444 / 40115 = 1.7062 times Total Asset Turnover =SalesTotal Assets= 55475 / 22915.8 = 2.4208 timesFixed AssetTurnover=SalesNet Property, plan & Equipment = 68444 / 9440 = 7.2504 times Fixed AssetTurnover=SalesNet Property, plan & Equipment = 55475 / 8437.5 = 6.5748 times4. Probability RatioGross Profit Margin= Gross ProfitSales= Gross Profit Margin= Gross ProfitSales = 15928.9 / 55475 = 0.2871 = 28.71%Operating Profit Margin =EBITSales = 4402 / 68444 = 0.0643 = 6.4315% Operating Profit Margin =EBITSales = 2326 / 55475 = 0.0419 = 4.19 %Net Profit Margin=Net ProfitSales = 2873 / 68444 = 0.04197 = 4.1976% Net Profit Margin=Net ProfitSales = 1482 / 55475 = 0.0267 = 2.67%Return on Assets=Operating Profit or EBITTotal Assets = 4402 / 40115 = 0.1097 = 10.97% Return on Assets=Operating Profit or EBITTotal Assets = 2326 / 22915. 8 = 0.1015 = 10.15%Evaluation of Relative Performance of Two Firms in terms of:Liquidity West farmers Ltd (WES) Woolworths Ltd (WOW)Current Ratio 0.9280 times 0.4393 timesQuick Ratio 0.3012 times 0.1830 timesInventory Ratio 9.7392 timesLiquidity Ratio shows the financial status of the company. From the above calculation, we can interpret that West Farmers Limited is more liquid than Woolworths based on its Current Ratio and Quick Ratio. West Farmers had $0.9280 current assets and $0.3012 cash and accounts receivable for every $1 of current liabilities. Whereas Woolworths had $0.1830 current assets and $0.1830 cash and account receivable to pay $1 current liabilities.ii) Asset Management EfficiencyWest farmers Ltd (WES) Woolworths Ltd (WOW)Total Asset Turnover 1.7062 times 2.4208 timesFixed Asset Turnover 7.2504 times 6.5748 timesiii) Financing Practices (Capital Structure)West farmers Ltd (WES) Woolworths Ltd (WOW)Debt Ratio 40.32% 56.90%Interest Coverage Ratio 20.6667 iv) ProfitabilityWest farmers Ltd (WES) Woolworths Ltd (WOW)Gross Profit Margin 28.71%Operating Profit Margin 6.4315% 4.19%Net Profit Margin 4.1976% 2.67%Return on Assets 10.97% 10.15%†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Calculation of Current Price-Earnings Ratio and Market-to-book Ratio:West farmers Ltd (WES) Woolworths Ltd (WOW)Market Value RatiosPrice Earnings Ratio = Market Price Per ShareEarnings Per SharePrice Earnings Ratio = Market Price Per ShareEarnings Per ShareMarket to Book Ratio =Market Price Per ShareBook Value Per ShareMarket to Book Ratio =Market Price Per ShareBook Value Per ShareQuestion no. 4: Time Value of Money (Chapter 5)Solution:Present Value (PV) =$20,000 Time (n) = 40 yearsInterest Rate (i) = 10 % per annum = 0.10 Future Value (FV)=?Timeline i=10% p.a FV=? 0 1 2 3†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ n= 40 years PV=$20,000FV= PV (1+i)n = 20,000(1+0.10)40 = 20,000Ãâ€"45.25925557 = $ 905,185.1114From the above calculation, Emily's investment from her retirement plan will grow to $905,185.1114 after 40 years at 12% annual interest. b)Timeline i=6% p.a FV=$14,000 0 1 2 n= 3 years PMT=?Deposit on Car (PV)= $14,000No of years (n) = 3 years Annual Interest (i)= 6% =0.06Annuity Payment (PMT)=?We have,FV = PMT (1+i)n-1i14000 = PMT 1+0.06)3-10.06 PMT = 140003.1836PMT = $ 4397.5374To cover the cost of deposit on a new car, Emily needs to keep aside $4397.5374 from her bonus this year. Now, If Annual Interest on Saving (i)=10%=0.10PMT=?FVn = PMT (1+i)n-1i14000 = PMT1+0.10)3-10.10PMT = 140003.31PMT = $4229.6073If the annual rate of interest grows to 10%, then the amount of payment will decrease to $4229.6073.c)At the age 60 years, value of Trust Fund (FV)=?Time (n) = 60-30=30 yearsInterest rate =7%= 0.07Timeline i=7% p.a FV=? 0 1 2 3†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ n= 30 years PV=$50,000 FV = PV ((1+i)n = 50,000 (1+0.07)30 = 50,000 Ãâ€"7.612255043 = $ 380,612.7521When Emily turn 60 years, the value of her trust fund will grow to $380,612.7521 at the rateOf 7% government bond. d)Compounding and discounting have inverse relationship. Compounding method is the way of calculating the future value of money with the given current value of investment at certain compound rate. Whereas Discounting method is used to find out the Present Value of future cash flow using discounting rate. Mathematically,In Compounding Method,Future valuein year nFVn= Present Value(PV) Ãâ€"1+ Annual interest rate (i)number of years nIn Discounting Method,Present ValuePV = Future Value in year nFVn 11+ Annual Interest Rate (i)Number of years (n)e)Question no 5: Risk and Return (Chapter 7)a.Given:Share A Share BProbability Return Probability Return0.3 11% 0.2 -5%0.4 15% 0.3 6%0.3 19% 0.3 14%0.2 22% For Share AExpected rateof returnE(r)=rate of return 1 r1Ãâ€"probabilityof return 1Pr(r1)+rate of return 2 r2Ãâ€"probabilityof return 2Pr(r2) +rate of return 3r3Ãâ€"probabilityof return 3Prr3)= 0.3 Ãâ€" 0.11 + 0.4 Ãâ€" 0.15 + 0.3 Ãâ€"0.19= 0.033 + 0.06 + 0.057= 0.15= 15%Variance in rate of return?2 = rate of return 1 r1-expected rate of returnEr2Ãâ€"probabilityof return 1Pr(r1) + rate of return 1 r1-expected rate of returnEr2Ãâ€"probabilityof return 1Pr(r1) + rate of return 3r3-expected rate of returnE(r)2Ãâ€"probabilityof return 3Pr(r3) = [(0.11 – 0.15)2 Ãâ€" 0.3] + [(0.15 – 0.15)2 Ãâ€" 0.4] + [(0.19 – 0.15)2 Ãâ€" 0.3] = 0.00048 + 0 + 0.00048 = 0.00096 Standard Deviation = Variance =0.00096 = 0.030983867 = 3.0984%For Share BExpected rateof returnE(r)=rate of return 1 r1Ãâ€"probabilityof return 1Pr(r1)+rate of return 2 r2Ãâ€"probabilityof return 2Pr(r2) +rate of return 3r3Ãâ€"probabilityof return 3Prr3)+rate of return 4r4Ãâ€"probabilityof return 4Pr(r4)= 0.2 Ãâ€" (-0.05) + 0.3 Ãâ€" 0.06 + 0.3 Ãâ€"0.14 + 0.2 Ãâ€" 0.22= (-0.01) + 0.018 + 0.042 + 0.044= 0.094= 9.4% Now, Variance in rate of return?2 = rate of return 1 r1-expected rate of returnEr2Ãâ€"probabilityof return 1Pr(r1) + rate of return 1 r1-expected rate of returnEr2Ãâ€"probabilityof return 1Pr(r1) + rate of return 3r3-expected rate of returnE(r)2Ãâ€"probabilityof return 3Pr(r3) + rate of return 4r4-expected rate of returnE(r)2Ãâ€"probabilityof return 4Prr4) = [(-0.05 – 0.094)2 Ãâ€" 0.2] + [(0.06 – 0.094)2 Ãâ€" 0.3] + [(0.14 – 0.094)2 Ãâ€" 0.3] + [(0.22 – 0.094)2 Ãâ€" 0.3] = 0.0041472 + 0.0003468 + 0.0006348 + 0.0031752 = 0.008304Standard Deviation = Variance = 0.008304 = 0.091126286 = 9.1126% b)Shareholders or investors of the company always assume to gain certain profit from the investment they made on their business. Such expectation is referred to as Expected Rate of Return. Whereas Realized Rate of Return is the actual amount of profit or loss that that face from their investment in certain duration of time. c) d. Question No 6: Risk and Return (Chapter 8)Answer:Part 1Systematic Risk and Unsystematic RiskSystematic risk refers to those risks that are associated with the overall market or industry (Vasigh, Fleming ; Mackay, 2010) and cannot be diversified away while unsystematic risk refers to those risk that are associated with the single investment or small class of investment and can be diversified away (Swedroe ; Hempen, 2007). Investment beta is the measure of change in investments' return to the change in return of the market portfolio. Johnson (2014) also stated that investment's beta measures the volatility of share relative to volatility of market. Thus, investment's beta helps to measure the systematic risk of an investment. Therefore, it is very useful in the investment decision. For example: if we want to know the systematic risk of particular investments, we can calculate beta and know the volatility and go for that investments with low volatility. In terms of unsystematic risk, it is calculated by deducting the beta scaled by the market volatility from the volatility of the single stock. Part 2Beta of a Portfolio and Betas of the Individual Investments in the PortfolioPart 3Security Market LineSecurity market line is the graphical representation of Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) i.e. the straight line relationship between expected return and betas that also explains the market price of risk in capital market (Khan, 2004). Return (%)Security Market Liners =rf+rm-rf?rfRisk Beta (?)Figure. Security Market Line. Adapted from â€Å"Investments: An Introduction† by H. B. Mayo, 2013, Boston: Cengage Learning. From the above graph, we can see that risk beta is at the x-axis and expected return on the y-axis. The slope of the security market line is represented by market risk premium which is the difference between expected rate of return on the market portfolio and the risk free rate (i.e.Erm-rf) while the y-intercept of this line represents the risk free interest rate i.e. rf . Part 4Capital Asset Pricing ModelCapital asset pricing model (CAPM) refers to the model that explains the relationship with expected return and the systematic risk of an investment. In a simple word, CAPM is that model which estimates the expected return for any risky assets. According to Mellen (2018), this model helps the business analyst and investor evaluate a suitable rate of return for an investment by giving the general economic, industry and firm's conditions. CAPM helps to inform the investment decision by first of all measuring the fairest price for an investment on the basis of risk, potential return and other factors and then comparing this fair price with the market price.Therefore, this is how the CAPM can be used to inform the investment decision. ReferenceJohnson, R. S. (2014). Equity Markets and Portfolio Analysis. New York: John Wiley ; Sons, Inc.Khan, M. Y., ;Jain, P. K. (2004). Financial Management: Text, Problems and Cases. New Delhi: Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Company Limited.Mayo, H. B. (2013). Investments: An Introduction. Boston: Cengage Learning.Mellen, C. M. (2018). Valuation for M ; A: Building and Measuring Private Company Value. New York: John Wiley ; Sons, Inc.Swedroe, L. E., ;Hempen, J. H. (2007). The only guide to a winning bond strategy you'll ever need: The way smart money preserves wealth today. New York: St. Martin's PressVasigh, B., Fleming, K., ;Mackay, L. (2010). Foundation of Airline Finance: Methodology and Practice. Farnham: Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. Reference

Problems Pupils Have In Reading Aloud - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 11 Words: 3306 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? This assignment is my guide to the final step of my dissertation. In this assignment, I will discuss in details about what I will do for my dissertation. First, I will discuss my topic and why I have chosen, it and I will indicate my research questions and sub-questions. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Problems Pupils Have In Reading Aloud" essay for you Create order Next, I will identify key areas I need to read about and I will summarize 11 books and articles that give useful theoretical background for my research. The topics I am interested include define reading, then the process, models, methods of teaching reading, strategies readers use and the miscue analysis in relation to reading strategies. This second section will help me build the literature review for my dissertation. Finally, I will describe my research procedure and research methods I am going to use. Section one: My topic and why I chose it My topic is about problems my pupils have in reading aloud and find ways of improving my pupilsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ reading aloud. I have chosen this topic because in my experience as a teacher I faced and taught different kinds of pupils from different levels, I have found that most of them have problems in reading, particularly reading aloud. Some of them are good in reading aloud but have many do substitute other words, have omission of words or letter-sounds while reading. This could be due to lack of sight vocabulary, lack of phonic skills, lack of strategies for reading. Some of them canà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t produce a single word. I discovered that pupils were learning nothing if they could not read aloud. My pupils who cannot read aloud have general difficulty in decode any reading text successfully. I believe my research is important because reading aloud is very important for my pupils in grade 9, which is closer to the final school leaving examinations in grade 12. I hope it may able me and my colleges to find the diagnoses to help the participants and in future to help all my pupils with their reading problems . In my research I wil try to analyze and describe their miscues in reading aloud according to their levels good, average and week. That time I couldnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t do any thing about it because I didnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t have the experience to help them. After I joined the B.A course and studied EDUC 2031 TEYL, EDUC2033 Initial Literacy, EDUC2028 Language learning from these modules I realized the nature of young learners how do they learn, how do they acquire new language and how to teach reading to young learners. As I understood the older ways of teaching reading focused on letters and words and how to say them, all language books are concerning on that view only. The new researches showed a different view which rely on development of all language skills so, because reading in a second language is seen as a thinking exercise thatà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s not only concerned on reading words, sentences and pages only but it is on developing language as a whole. Reading is the main reason to build the personality of a person as I mentioned before and it is the main thing that teaching and learning stands on because it is a communication way between the learner and the academic culture in the schools . I would like my pupils to be able to use reading for study, for pleasure , to understand and to interact with what they learning. My pupils are in grade 9 of general education school at the age of 14 years old with different ability levels. They have been studying English for five years only using à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Our World Through Englishà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. They started leaning English from grade 4. In addition, they are similar in many things such as pupils environment, strengths and weakness areas they have. I decided to do research for my dissertation where I will focus on finding the difficulties my pupils face in reading aloud and helping me find ways to improve my pupils in reading aloud. Although my research will focus on reading aloud, from my experience a pupil cannot read aloud well, he can have little or no comprehension when he read silently. My research question is: How can I develop the reading aloud abilities of my grade nine pupils?. My sub-questions will be: What miscues my good pupils and weak pupils make when reading aloud? Based on my miscue analysis, what reading strategies do my good pupils and my weak pupils use when reading aloud? What reading strategies can I encourage my pupils to develop to improve their reading? In my research the subjects will be six pupils from 2 of them are good , the other 2 are average and the last 2 are weak pupils) (785 words) Section 2 Summaries of relevant literature The key areas I will need to read about for my research are: reading process models of reading Methods of teaching reading. reading strategies miscue analysis How miscue analysis can be used to identify the reading strategies that pupils use and the errors they make. In this section I discuss 11 books / articles that I want to use for my dissertation because they will help me to develop my understanding of issues related to my research. The aspects that are relevant to my study are summarized below. Urquhart and Weir(1998) Urquhart and Weir discuss three models of reading and I will state them here : Bottom up approach. They say this analyses begin with the stimulus, i.e. the text, or bits of the text. They say that in Goughà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s (1972) model, the reader begins with letters, which are recognized by a scanner. The information thus gained is passed to decoder, which converts the string of letters into a string of systematic phonemes, then word, then sentence then text. So à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“bottom-up models are sequential in that one stage is completed before another is begunà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. Top-down approaches. Since bottom-up models starts with the smallest text unit, either letters or letter features, we could expect, then, that top-down models begin with the largest unit, the whole text. According to Urquhart and Weir for top-down model of reading, readers first use their background knowledge to help them make a sense from the text. So for top-down approaches background knowledge is very important. Interactive approach. In interactive models (Urquhart and Weir refer to Rumelhart, 1977), there is no regular sequence from top to bottom or from bottom up. They quote Stanovich à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“the best known proponent of interactive modelsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?, that in interactive models a pattern is synthesized based on information provided simultaneously from several sourceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (1980:35). So in interactive approaches reader uses both small text units and background knowledge to make sense out of a text at the same time. Urquhart and Weir describes reading strategies to be a conscious response to difficulties in the text while reading action selected deliberately to achieve goals (Is this a Quotation?). Aebersold and Field (1997) Aebersold and Field also have sections on models of reading (bottom up , top down and interactive). They also focus on the readerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s experience in learning how to read and the ways reading fits into their lives. They give five common influential sources for information that affect reading development, particularly family, the community and the school influence. They mention that despite relatively small size, a family can foster a variety of experience that affects a childà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s reading development. They say that the community influence provides readers with a set of varied life experiences that also shape their individual knowledge. Thirdly the school can bring children into contact with communities other than their own or they can be homogeneous institution that reflect shared values. This is interesting because in Oman children learn English without much support from the family or the community and school does not bring child in contact to many other c ommunities. Riley (1996) This article has a section on models of reading (bottom up , top down and interactive). The author discusses how schema theory describes the process by which readers combine their own background knowledge with the information in a text to help them comprehend that text. All readers carry different schemata (background information) and these are also often culture-specific. This is an important concept in ESL teaching, and many books have pre-reading tasks that are designed to build or activate the learners schemata. The author also highlights some of the limitations of the use of the schema-theory approach and points out the importance both of developing the learners vocabulary and of encouraging extensive reading. (This sounds as if it is copied. Beware plagiarism, Saif.) Wray and Medwell (1991) This article focuses on reading process , models of reading and approaches to teaching reading. In reading process, they mentioned that reading is a highly complicated process, and there are a number of insights and concepts that the successful reader must develop. In models of reading, they discuss bottom-up models, top-down models, and interactive models and they strongly criticize the bottom up model. They also have a section on teaching reading approaches look and say, phonic methods of teaching reading and language experience approach. I discuss these under Graton and Spratt (1998) below. Graton and Pratt (1998) This book have useful sections on methods of teaching reading (whole word , phonics , language experience ) the methods teachers can use to teach pupils how to read. Most teachers use these methods to help their student in reading , sometimes they chooses one of these methods but some teachers work on two or more because they think each method is completed by the other. The phonic method as widely used from the language teachers to teach reading and writing in the English for second language learners. It is relies on children being taught the alphabet first. Then they learn to pronounce the sounds of the letters . However it is difficult to depend only to phonics because English is not a regular spelling language. The second method is look and say or whole word method. Here pupils learn to recognize whole words or sentences rather than individual sounds. The pupils will look at a word which the teacher sound, often with a picture, and in turns will repeat the word. The problem is that it does not teach children to work out new words for themselves. The context support method can be used when the pupils are just learning to read and it is important to choose exercises or activities that really interest them. If the pupils like cars, choose an activity or exercises with pictures and simple words about cars. This will keep their interest and they will enjoy learning with the teach. Oà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢Malley and Valdez Pierce (2001) Oà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢Malley and Valdez Pierce give a useful part about miscue analysis (p 124-5). They say it involves listening to a student reading aloud and recording the miscues. In types of miscues, they mention repetitions, substitutions, insertions, omissions and self-corrections. They also recommend the teacher must get the student to answer reading comprehension questions. They say miscue analysis can provide information about (1) the readersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ ability to use language and the reading process (2) it can be used for assessing reading, the readerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s approaches to reading and reading comprehension (3) information for revising approaches to teaching reading, how it can be used by teachers effectively to improve their learners reading. This book has useful lists of reading strategies (p 121-123) and suggest how miscue analysis can be used to identify reading strategies readers are using. The authors talk about reading in the native language then reading in second language, which I am interested in. The writers said that learners who do have native language literacy skills might not know how to transfer their skills to the second language without specific strategy instruction. Carter and Nunan (Eds.) (2001) Carter and Nunan (Eds) (2001) define reading strategies as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Ways of accessing text meaning which are employed flexibly and selectively in the course of reading. In teaching, attention is paid to the manner in which the reader is able to draw effectively on existing linguistic and background knowledgeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. They list the good reading strategies that learners use to help them read in a very efficient way, to get maximum benefit from their reading with minimum effort. These include drawing inferences, predicting and using information in the text such as pictures. They also discuss miscue analysis in relation to reading strategies: As they say, miscue analysis refers to à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“the study of the text alterations conducted by the subject while the pupil reads the text and would be very impossible without reading aloudà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. Carter and Nunan (Eds) (2001) assert that for early readers miscue analysis can be used by teachers to assess the quality and quantity of learnerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s errors in their processing of text. First, this is especially useful for L2 learners à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“who because of their interlanguage system may show systemic syntactic and phonological departures from Standard Englishà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. In addition, they argue that miscues will be based on learnersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ current interlanguage rather than because of misunderstanding the text. Wallace (2001) p26 in Carter and Nunan (2001) Wallace discusses miscue analysis and she focuses on how miscue analysis can be used for early readers to assess the quality and the quantity of learnersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ errors. Beard (1987) Beard has a section on miscue analysis and methods of teaching reading (whole word , phonics , language experience). The author focuses on miscue analysis and gives some models of how to use miscue analysis to develop pupilsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ reading and how à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“miscue analysis can fulfill an important diagnostic function of a kind not readily offered by other more established means of reading assessment.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? Cameron (2001) The author has sections on reading strategies , models of reading (bottom up , top down and interactive) , methods of teaching reading(whole word , phonics , language experience ) and discusses how miscues can help the teacher identify the reading strategies a reader is using . The author gives an example from her experience of reading with a little Malaysian girl. The author mentioned that she had introduced her to the strategies such as: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“With the word à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"barà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, I pointed to the first letter , the sound of which she knew, and then she managed to sound out the wordà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“With the word à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"ratherà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ I just told her the word and did not spend any time on it , because it was not crucial to the meaning of the story and is not a particularly useful word to learn at her stageà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. With the word à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"mealsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ I told her the word and then explained the meaning as the story progressed and the heroine moved from break fast to tea.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“When she came to à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"watching TVà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ she said à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"washingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ . From this miscue I could see that she was making a good attempt at the word and had noticed the initial consonant and the final rime.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? www.mindtools.com/pages/articals/ According to www.mindtools.com/pages/articals/ miscue analysis refers to the study of text alterations made by the subject while s/he reads the text aloud. They summarise the research of Clay, Goodman and Weber (Davies 1995, p13) and they give a useful list of types of miscues. They say that the alterations often made by a reader are: Substitution (another word is pronounced instead of the printed word) Self-correction (the reader realizes his/her mistake and corrects by him/herself.) Repetition (the printed word is repeated orally) Omission (a word is missed from the text) Insertion (a word not in the text is added by the reader) Reversal (the word order gets changed or inverted) Hesitation (the reader pauses or makes a sound indicating hesitation) A long pause. The article also relates the miscues to approaches. It says that if a reader shows more hesitations, long pauses and self-correction, this shows a bottom up approach with the reader giving most attention to pronouncing the printed words. If a reader shows more miscues such as omission, insertion, reversal and substitution, this shows a more top-down approach where the reader is paying attention to the meaning of the whole text, not reading word by word. (Check this is not plagiarized. Can you give authors?) (1,910 words) How I will investigate my research question As discussed above, my research question will be à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“How can I develop the reading aloud abilities of my grade nine pupils ? à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“ My Approach: For my approach and method, I read Blaxter, Hughes, Tight, (2000), Cohen, Manion, Morrison (2000), Nunan (1992). For my research approach, I will use an action research approach enabling me to investigate my own pupils over a period. Action research grows from the idea that a good teacher is one who reflects on what happens in the classroom à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" possibly with a view to changing it. (EDUC3079 session3). My Method For my research I will plan to use miscue analysis and interviews. The miscue analysis will provide quantitative data and the interviews will provide qualitative data. I will select a text from the course book which is not familiar to my pupils , I will let them each to read aloud this text , I will record them while reading , then I will use miscue analyses to help me analyse their mistakes. Finally I will interview each pupil, I will ask questions to to assess their comprehension of the text, to get them to tel me what strategies they used to work out the meanings of some words and to try to find out why they failed to read certain words correctly. The research Procedure My research will include an unknown reading text from the OWTE course book that the six pupils will read it in order to have effective and organized results for my research question. This text from the course book OWTE that I think will be not familiar for the pupils because I gave it to them for the first time (See the appendix). First I will use pre-reading questions to prepare each pupil for the reading. Pre-reading is a way of sampling where the students are familiar to the content that you are going to give them. It is a useful strategy for beginning with a class, especially when classes contain students with mixed abilities coming from a diversity of backgrounds. Then each pupil will read the text and I record it. Then I will note down all the miscues. Finally I will interview them to examine their understanding, to assess their comprehension of the text, to get them to tel me what strategies they used to work out the meanings of some words and to try to find out why they faile d to read certain words correctly. My Expectations: I expect some problems, and here I discuss how I will overcome them: Miscue analysis, I cannot assume that any two pupils will have the same miscues. In addition, anxiety may cause artificial results. To overcome these problems, I will choose six pupils from different levels. I will try to get them relaxed, so I will tell them about the reason for my research, and I will do the recording in a quiet place, so we are undisturbed. Pupils may feel boring from doing reading every time, so I must prepare a good situation for them to feel comfortable. The main problem I think it is the time. These kinds of studies should not used in a short period because the researcher need to try many ways to investigate his pupils and his study in order to collect a valid, reliable data. Conclusion: The EDUC 3079 helped me a lot on finding solutions for many problems that I will face in future in my life as a teacher to help my pupils to reach the successes in their life as students. I learned how to read a lot and how to use the linguistics theories to help my pupils and to learn and discover the problems. The use of miscue analysis is a very useful way to solve pupils weaknesses in reading because it is allows me to focus on the problem it self , and how to deal with each problem individually.