Moral Economy in Defoe’s Robinson Crusoe and Locke’s Second Treatise of Government :: Comparison Compare Contrast Essays

Moral Economy in Defoes Robinson Crusoe and Lockes Second Treatise of Government James Joyce on Robinson Crusoe the man alone, on a desert island, constructing a simple and moral economy which becomes the basis of a commonwealth presided over by a benevolent sovereign (Liu 731). Issues of property and possession were important during the 18th century both to scholars and the common man. The case of America demonstrates that politicians, such as Thomas Jefferson, were highly influenced by John Lockes ideas including those on property and the individuals right to it. Readers in the revolutionary era were also deeply interested in issues of spirituality and independence and read Daniel Defoes Robinson Crusoe. Both Locke and Defoe address the issues of property, private ownership, and property accumulation, connecting them with the notions of individual and political independence. Although they appear to converge, their philosophies vary greatly on these topics. Several scholars conc lude that both Defoes and Lockes ideals support the development of a moral economy although neither express this desire directly. Locke theorizeds extensively on property, privatization, and the means an individual can use for increase his property. Initially, in the state of nature, man did not own property in the form of resources or land. All fruits of the earth were for the use of all men,and nobody has primarily a private dominion, exclusive of the rest of mankind, in any of them, as they are thus in their natural state (Locke 353). In this state, people could grant only what they could make use of. It was unfair for one person to take more than he could use because some of that natural commodity would go to barren unless another man might have made use of it for his own benefit (360). Locke felt that God gave the bounties of nature to the people of earth and they, by default, should trade these bounties rationally. This rationalistic theory discourages waste. Acco rding to Lockes theory, a commodity becomes the private possession of an individual who labors for it. Thus it is no longer a direct demonstrate of nature A man that so employed his pains about any of the spontaneous products of nature, as any way to alter them from the state which nature put them in, by placing any of his labour on them, did thereby acquire a propriety in them ( 360).

Andrea Dworkin :: essays research papers fc

Andrea DworkinAndrea Dworkin has been an influential write, speaker, and activist forover two decades. She claims to be a feminist, and that her ideas atomic number 18beneficial to women. This paper will show that many of her most popular beliefsare non only detrimental to society, but also not in the best interests of women.In letters from a war zone, Andrea Dworkin presents a collection ofspeeches and short articles she has composed during her career as a writer andactivist. Many of her articles destiny with censorship and pornography. One claimis central to all of these, pornography is an act and not an idea, thuscensorship is not relevant to it.In response to a New York Time Review of her 1981 book, pornography MenPossessing Women, Dworkin writes, Pornography says the women lack to be hurt,forced, and abused pornography says women want to be raped, battered, kidnapped,maimed pornography says women want to be humiliated, shamed, defamed,pornography says that women say no bu t mean yes - Yes to violence, yes to pain.(Dworkin p 203)In response to Dworkins fiery rhetoric, Wendy Mcelroy writes thatDworkin has scientific backing and even cites evidence to the contrary. InJapan, where pornography depicting violence is widely available, rape is muchlower per capita than in the United States, where violence in porn isrestricted. Mcelroy attacks the belief that pornography stool violence,stating that even if a correlation is present, is does not necessarily meanthere is a causal relationship. (McElroy 102)Lynne Segal sees in inherent harm in trying to affiliate the two together.She believes that feminists who try to do so are wasting valuable time thatcould be spent on other important issues. In the end, anti-pornographycampaigns, feminist or not, can only enlist today, as they have invariouslyenlisted before, guilt and anxiety around sex, as well as lifetimes of confusionin our ad hominem experiences of sexual arousal and activity. In contrast,campaigns whi ch get to the heart of mens violence and sadism towards women mustenlist the widest possible resources to empower socially. (Gibson 19)Another argument of Dworkins is that pornography should not beprotected as free speech under the first amendment. It is her contention thatprotecting what pornographers say, is protecting what pornography does.Pornography is more than words. They are acts against women. Pornographyhappens to women. As a result, bans on such material are warranted, not onlybecause it is harmfully and discriminatory to women, but also because there areno civil liberties that are violated in preventing an act.

Television and Media - MTV and Music Television :: Argumentative Persuasive Topics

Music Television What do a teenager from atomic number 63, Asia, Australia and the United States have in prevalent? Young mickle around the world have the appearance _or_ semblance to like the same kind of things which includes music and television. They altogether sh atomic number 18 one favorite television channel -M.T.V. Music is the in the raw global language it dialog to the youth worldwide. Let me introduce you the first international generation. They wear Levis, shop at Benetton, wear Swatch watches and drink Pepsi. This is non to ordinate that there ar not any cultural differences, that the French teenagers atomic number 18 not different from the USA teenagers. However, a French teenager and U.S. teenager are much more same to each than they are to their parents. The most powerful source of this global language is M.T.V. There are many international versions of M.T.V. M.T.V. USA, M.T.V. Europe and M.T.V. Asia, M.T.V. Australia and M.T.V. in Latin Amer ica. I can not enjoin it is bad. I am the same age as M.T.V. I can not say that I do not belong to the M.T.V. generation. I am fascinated by the way M.T.V. brings the same cultural values worldwide. In this new daring world created by M.T.V., we all are sharing the same values. We wear what we see the celebrities wearing. We drink what Brithney Spears drinks. We wear T-shirt with M.T.V. logo on it, because we believe that is a way to express that we are part of this new global youth culture. And we are thankful to M.T.V., which is making a difference for us. We blindly believe that we are different from our parents, that we are better, freer. Yes, we got common language but our conversation is commercial one. The main topic is what designer clothes we want, what are the latest trends and so on. That is what we got in common - celebrities and fashion trends. We pacify share the old societys prejudices, we still got our gender issues, we are still are caring our race i ssues. And all that is brought to us by our beloved, lifesaving music channel-M.T.V.. When M.T.V. started out, twenty eld ago, it looked like TV radio station, airing video clips, rather than news and show programs.Television and Media - MTV and Music Television combative Persuasive Topics Music Television What do a teenager from Europe, Asia, Australia and the United States have in common? Young people around the world seem to like the same kind of things which includes music and television. They all share one favorite television channel -M.T.V. Music is the new global language it talks to the youth worldwide. Let me introduce you the first international generation. They wear Levis, shop at Benetton, wear Swatch watches and drink Pepsi. This is not to say that there are not any cultural differences, that the French teenagers are not different from the USA teenagers. However, a French teenager and U.S. teenager are much more similar to each than they are to their parents. The most powerful source of this global language is M.T.V. There are many international versions of M.T.V. M.T.V. USA, M.T.V. Europe and M.T.V. Asia, M.T.V. Australia and M.T.V. in Latin America. I can not say it is bad. I am the same age as M.T.V. I can not say that I do not belong to the M.T.V. generation. I am fascinated by the way M.T.V. brings the same cultural values worldwide. In this new brave world created by M.T.V., we all are sharing the same values. We wear what we see the celebrities wearing. We drink what Brithney Spears drinks. We wear T-shirt with M.T.V. logo on it, because we believe that is a way to express that we are part of this new global youth culture. And we are thankful to M.T.V., which is making a difference for us. We blindly believe that we are different from our parents, that we are better, freer. Yes, we got common language but our conversation is commercial one. The main topic is what designer clothes we want, what are the latest trends and so on. That is what we got in common - celebrities and fashion trends. We still share the old societys prejudices, we still got our gender issues, we are still are caring our race issues. And all that is brought to us by our beloved, lifesaving music channel-M.T.V.. When M.T.V. started out, twenty years ago, it looked like TV radio station, airing video clips, rather than news and show programs.

acting on the national physical activity guidelines Essay -- essays res

Acting on the National Physical Activity GuidelinesIntroductionThe purpose of this study was to key out if presenting a sedentary individual with the Australian governments National Physical Activity Guidelines (NPAG) would improve their overall physical activity. There was a structured interview which was conducted at 2 week intervals. The interview assessed the subject current physical activity levels and their willingness to be able to incorporate physical activity into there daily lives bandage following the guidelines suggested. The NPAG guidelines were presented before each interview and explained to the subject. Additional tidy sums were conducted to evaluate the subjects anxiety levels and self-efficacy. Throughout the study we could benefit by seeing if presenting a sedentary individual with the NPAG would help improve levels of fitness and see if the governments intervention would help the Australian population.MethodsThis study was conducted on a sedentary 48 course o ld Canadian woman. The details of the study were presented and an informed consent was gained from the participant. The interviews were conducted over the phone, since the subject is currently living in Canada. The first structured interview (see vermiform process 1) was conducted and then the physical activity guidelines were presented. Being unable to physically present the pamphlet to the subject the police detective had her access them via the internet (Australian Gouvernment, 1999). As the subject reviewed the guidelines the researcher explained them and ask the subject to choose 1 or more of the guidelines that she felt she could incorporate into her daily life. At this stage a general self-efficacy scale was administered. The survey consists of 10 simple questions aimed at finding if the subject had a high or low self-efficacy. Self-efficacy is described as being ones belief in their efficacy to organize and execute the sources of action required to manage prospective situ ations (Albert Bandura, 1986). A third and final survey was administered and measured the subjects proactive mental attitude levels, meaning the subjects beliefs about their ability to carry out a course of action through personal motivation. This questionnaire consisted of 8 short questions where the subject had to answer by 1) not true at all, 2) barely true, 3) moderately true or 4) exactly true. http//www.fuberlin.de/ge... ...bspRetrived edge 15th 2005From http//www.healthactive.gov.auCrawford, S., Erklund, R.C., (1994), Social Physique anxiety, reasons for exercise, and attitudes towards exercise settings, Journal of turn and exercise psychology, 16, 70-82.Dzewaltowski, D. A., Noble, J. M., & Shaw, J. M. (1990). Physical activityparticipation Social cognitive theory versus the theories of reasoned action andplanned behavior. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 12, 388-405.Hart, E.A., Leary, M.R., Rejeski, W.J., (1989), The measurement of accessible physique anxiety, Jo urnal of sport and exercise psychology, 11, 94-104.Ralf Schwarzer, & Matthias Jerusalem (1993), General Self-efficacy scaleRetrived March 14th 2005From http//www.fu-berlin.de/gesund/skalen/Language_Selection/Turkish/General_Perceived_Self-Efficac/general_perceived_self-efficac.htmRalf Schwarzer (1999), Proactive Attitude ScaleRetrived March 14th 2005Fromhttp//www.fuerlin.de/gesund/skalen/Language_Selection/Turkish/Proactive_Attitude/proactive_attitude.htm

Diversity Essay -- essays research papers

Encounters between people of different cultural backgrounds need existed forever. flock have always thought bout things that were unusual in other(a) cultures. barely, those encounters were relatively slim in early days today, they are almost part of terrene life, At the same time, the interchange between cultures has jeopardized their very existence, and the emergence of a diverse culture, a fixation often referred to as globalization..Primarily, what makes cultures different from each other is it looks at the process of what an individual goes through in an intercultural races, and how it adapts to culture changes in its environment.The individual learns its culture from its environment more then from its family, or from its social relationships.People found, that over time the world market, would change character to adapt to production and consumption and in its material also in its intellectual process. The intellectual foundation of individual nations become common propert y. From the numerous national and local books, there comes a world literature between all cultures.If the environment changes, our internal training structure gets disturbed, and we have to adapt after a certain pressure occurs this can well be a small adaption to ajust our behavior so that is new. Cultures do come together and new identities do arise. There are real communities that are formed and dissolved. People do go through many cultures, and identities. But the underlying culture still determine...

Diversity Essay -- essays research papers

Encounters between people of different cultural backgrounds have existed forever.People have unendingly thought bout things that were unusual in other cultures. But, those encounters were relatively slim in early days today, they are almost part of everyday life, At the same time, the interchange between cultures has jeopardized their very existence, and the emergence of a diverse culture, a fixation often referred to as globalization..Primarily, what makes cultures different from each other is it looks at the process of what an individualistic goes through in an intercultural races, and how it adapts to culture changes in its environment.The individual learns its culture from its environment more then from its family, or from its social relationships.People found, that oer time the world market, would change character to adapt to production and consumption and in its material also in its intellectual process. The intellectual creation of individual nations be hang common property . From the numerous national and local books, there comes a world literature between all cultures.If the environment changes, our internal learning construction gets disturbed, and we have to adapt after a certain pressure occurs this can well be a small adaption to ajust our behavior so that is new. Cultures do come together and new identities do arise. There are real communities that are formed and dissolved. People do go through many cultures, and identities. But the cardinal culture still determine...

Social Reformers of India

Mahatma Gandhi (2 October 1869 30 January 1948) (Father of the Nation, Rashtrapita, ) was the pre-eminent political and spiritual leader of India during the Indian freedom movement. He was the pioneer of satyagraharesistance to dictatorship through mass civil disobedience, firmly founded upon ahimsa or total non violencewhich led India to independence and inspired movements for civil rights and freedom across the world. Gandhi led comprehensive turn tails to ease poverty, expand womens rights, build religious and ethnic amity, end untouchability, and increase economic self-reliance.Above all, he aimed to achieve Swaraj or the independence of India from foreign domination. for master(prenominal) article go to Virchand Gandhi Virchand GandhiVirachand Raghav Gandhi (Gujarati VRG 18641901) was from Mahuva . He is 19th Century Indian patriot who was friend of Mahatma Gandhi and contemporary to Swami Vivekanand. He and swami vivekananda drew equal attention at the initiative Wo rld Parliament of Religions in Chicago in 1893 . He won a silver medal in same . His statue still stands at the Jain temple in Chicago. He was key member of Indian National Congress .And as a reformer ceremonious a Gandhi Philosophical Society, b Society for the nurture of Women in India (SEWI). Under the banner of SEWI, several Indian women came to U. S. A. for higher studies. c School of Oriental Philosophy, d Jain Literature Society in London. . And he delivered 535 lectures in the States and europe. He besides died at young age of 37 alike Swami Vivekanand. Today Govt. of India has recognised his service by issuing Postal Stamp in his memory. for chief(prenominal) article go to Swami Vivekanand Swami Vivekanand (January 12, 1863July 4, 1902) He was the founder of swot upakrishna Mission.Vivekananda is considered to be a major force in the revival of Hindooism in modern India. He is considered a key figure in the introduction of Vedanta and Yoga in Europe and America. He in troduced Hinduism at the Parliament of the Worlds Religions at Chicago in 1893. for main article go to Swami Dayanand Saraswati Swami Dayanand Saraswati (February 12, 1824 October 31, 1883) was an authorised Hindu religious scholar and the founder of the Arya Samaj, Society of Nobles, a Hindu reform movement, founded in 1875. He was the rootage man who gave the call for Swarajay in 1876 which was later furthered by Lokmanya Tilak.Himanshu Mishra Is also a Social Reformer Born in January 23, 1976 in Pilibhit District for main article go to Raja Ram Mohan Roy Raja Ram Mohan Roy (August 14, 1774 September 27, 1833) was a founder of the Brahma Sabha in 1828 which engendered the Brahmo Samaj, an influential Indian socio-religious reform movement. He is best known for his efforts to abolish the confide of sati, the Hindu funeral practice in which the widow was compelled to sacrifice herself on her husbands funeral pyre. It was he who first introduced the word Hinduism into the Englis h language in 1816.For his various contributions to society, Raja Ram Mohan Roy is regarded as one of the most important figures in the Indian Renaissance. Ram Mohan Roys impact on modern Indian history was a revival of the pure and ethical principles of the Vedanta school of philosophy as found in the Upanishads. for main article go to Jamnalal Bajaj Jamnalal Bajaj (4 November 1884 11 February 1942) was an industrialist, a philanthropist, and Indian independence fighter. Gandhi is known to have adopted him as his son. He is known for this efforts of promoting Khadi and village Industries in India.With the intent of eradicating untouchability, he fought the non admission of Harijans into Hindu temples. He began a campaign by eating a meal with Harijans and opening public wells to them. He opened several wells in his fields and gardens. Jamanalal devote much of his wealth to the poor. He felt this inherited wealth was a sacred trust to be used for the benefit of the throng. In hon our of his affable initiatives a well known national and international award called Jamnalal Bajaj Award has been instituted by the Bajaj Foundation. for main article go to Vinoba BhaveVinoba Bhave (September 11, 1895 November 15 1982) was an Indian advocate of nonviolent resistance and human rights. He is considered as the spiritual successor of Mahatma Gandhi. Vinoba Bhave was a scholar, thinker, writer who produced numerous books, translator who made Sanskrit texts accessible to common man, orator, linguist who had excellent influence of several languages (Marathi, Hindi, Urdu, English, Sanskrit), and a sociable reformer. He wrote brief introductions to, and criticisms of, several religious and philosophical works like the Bhagavad Gita,works of Adi Shankaracharya, the Bible and Quran.His criticism of Dnyaneshwars poetry as also the output by other Marathi saints is quite brilliant and a testimony to the breadth of his intellect. A university named after him Vinoba Bhave Univ ersity is still there in the state of Jharkhand airing knowledge even after his death. for main article go to Baba Amte Baba Amte (December 26, 1914 February 9, 2008) was an Indian well-disposed worker and loving activist known particularly for his work for the replenishment and empowerment of poor people suffering from leprosy.He spent some time at Sevagram ashram of Mahatma Gandhi, and became a follower of Gandhism for the rest of his life. He believed in Gandhis apprehension of a self-sufficient village industry that empowers seemingly dish upless people, and successfully brought his ideas into practice at Anandwan. He practiced various aspects of Gandhism, including yarn spinning utilize a charkha and wearing khadi. Amte founded three ashrams for treatment and rehabilitation of leprosy patients, disabled people, and people from marginalized sections of the society in Maharashtra, India. for main article go to Shriram Sharma AcharyaShriram Sharma Acharya (September 20, 19 11 June 2, 1990) was an Indian seer, sage, Indian social worker, a philanthropist, a visionary of the untested Golden Era and the Founder of the All World Gayatri Pariwar. He devoted his life to the welfare of people and the working out of the moral and cultural environment. He pioneered the revival of spirituality, creative integration of the modern and ancient sciences and religion relevant in the challenging circumstances of the present times. To help people, his aim was to diagnose the root cause of the ailing state of the world today and enable the upliftment of society.Acharyaji recognized the crisis of faith, peoples ignorance of the powers of the inner self, and the lack of clean-handed attitude and conduct. During 1984-1986, he carried out the unique spiritual experiment of sukshmikarana, meaning sublimation of vital force and physical, mental and spiritual energies. for main article go to Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar (1820-1891) Vidyasagar was a philosopher, academic, educator, writer, translator, printer, publisher, entrepreneur, reformer, and philanthropist. His efforts to simplify and modernize Bangla prose were significant.He was a Bengali polymath and a key figure of the Bengal Renaissance. Vidyasagar championed the uplift of the status of women in India, particularly in his native Bengal. strange some other reformers who sought to set up alternative societies or systems, he sought, however, to transform orthodox Hindu society from within. Vidyasagar introduced the practice of widow remarriages to mainstream Hindu society. In earlier times, remarriages of widows would occur sporadically only among progressive members of the Brahmo Samaj. for main article go to Dhondo Keshav KarveDhondo Keshav Karve (April 18, 1858 November 9, 1962) was a preeminent social reformer of his time in India in the field of womens welfare. Karve was one of the pioneers of promoting womens education and the right for widows to remarry in Ind ia. The Government of India recognized his reform work by awarding him its highest civilian award, Bharat Ratna, in 1958 (Incidentally his centennial year). The appellation Maharshi, which the Indian public ofttimes assigned to Karve, means a great sage. Those who knew Karve affectionately called him as Anna Karve. In Marathi-speaking community, to which Karve belonged, the appellation Anna is often used to address either ones father or an elder brother. ) for main article go to Balshastri Jambhekar Balshastri Jambhekar (January 6, 1812 May 18, 1846) is known as Father of Marathi journalism for his efforts in starting journalism in Marathi language with the first newspaper in the language named Darpan in the early days of British Rule in India. He founded Darpan as the first Marathi newspaper. He was editor of this newspaper during the British rule in India.This turned out to be the beginning of Marathi journalism. He had mastery in many languages including Marathi, Sanskrit, Englis h and Hindi. Apart from that he also had a good grasp of Greek, Latin, French, Gujarati and Bengali. for main article go to Dr. Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar B. R. Ambedkar (14 April 1891 6 December 1956) was an Indian jurist, political leader, Buddhist activist, philosopher, thinker, anthropologist, historian, orator, prolific writer, economist, scholar, editor, revolutionary and the revivalist of Buddhism in India. He was also the chief architect of the Indian Constitution.Ambedkar spent his whole life fighting against social discrimination, the system of Chaturvarna the Hindu categorization of human society into four varnas and the Hindu caste system. He is also credited with having sparked the bloodless revolution with his most funny and innovative Buddhist movement. Ambedkar has been honoured with the Bharat Ratna, Indias highest civilian award. for main article go to Annie Besant Annie Besant (October 1 , 1847 September 20, 1933) was a prominent Theosophist, womens rights activi st, writer and orator and supporter of Irish and Indian self rule.In 1908 Annie Besant became President of the Theosophical Society and began to steer the society away from Buddhism and towards Hinduism. She also became involved in politics in India, joining the Indian National Congress. When war broke out in Europe in 1914 she helped launch the Home Rule League to campaign for democracy in India and formula status within the Empire which culminated in her election as president of the India National Congress in late 1917. After the war she continued to campaign for Indian independence until her death in 1933. for main article go to Vitthal Ramji ShindeVitthal Ramji Shinde (April 23, 1873 January 2, 1944) He was a prominent campaigner on behalf of the Dalit movement in Maharashtra and established the Depressed Classes Mission to provide education to the Dalits in Maharashtra. for main article go to Gopal Hari Deshmukh Gopal Hari Deshmukh (1823-1892) was a social reformer in Maharas htra. Deshmukh started writing articles aimed at social reform in Maharashtra in the weekly Prabhakarunder the pen name Lokhitwadi. In the first two years, he penned 108 articles on social reform. That group of articles has come to be known in Marathi literature as Lokhitwadinchi Shatapatre. or main article go to Pandurang Shastri Athavale Pandurang Shastri Athavale (October 19, 1920October 25, 2003) was an Indian philosopher, spiritual leader, social reformer 2 and Hinduism reformist, who founded the Swadhyay reason and the Swadhyay Parivar organization (Swadhyay Family) in 1954 3, a self-knowledge movement based on the Bhagavad Gita, which has spread across nearly 100,000 villages in India 45, with over 5 million members 6. He was also noted for his discourses or pravachans on Srimad Bhagawad Gita and Upanishads. for main article go to Kandukuri VeeresalingamKandukuri Veeresalingam (16 April 1848 27 May 1919) was a social reformer who first brought about a renaissance in Telugu people and Telugu literature. He was influenced by the ideals of Brahmo Samaj particularly those of Keshub Chunder Sen. He got involved in the cause of social reforms. In 1876 he started a Telugu journal and wrote the first prose for women. He boost education for women, and started a school in Dowlaiswaram in 1874. He started a social organisation called Hitakarini (Benefactor). for main article go to Swami Ramdev Swami Ramdev Ramkishan Yadav popularly known as Swami Ramdev (Hindi ), is an Indian Hindu swami. He is known for his efforts in popularizing yoga as it is enunciated in Patanjalis Yoga Sutras. He is also one of the founders of the Divya Yog Mandir Trust headquartered in Haridwar, that aims to popularize Yoga and offer Ayurvedic treatments. The New York Times calls him an Indian who built Yoga Empire, a product and symbol of the New India, a yogic fusion of Richard Simmons, Dr. Oz and Oprah Winfrey, irrepressible and bursting with Vedic wisdom. for main article go to Jaw aharlal Nehru Jawaharlal NehruJawaharlal Nehru (Hindi/Kashmiri , pronounced d a r? la? l ? ne ru 14 November 188927 May 19644) was an Indian statesman who was the first (and to date the longest-serving) prime minister of India, from 1947 until 1964. One of the leading figures in the Indian independence movement, Nehru was elected by the Congress Party to assume office as independent Indias first Prime Minister, and re-elected when the Congress Party won Indias first general election in 1952. As one of the founders of the Non-aligned Movement, he was also an important figure in the international politics of the post-war era.He is frequently referred to as Pandit Nehru (pandit being a Sanskrit and Hindi honorific meaning scholar or teacher) and, specifically in India, as Panditji (with -ji being a honorific suffix). Periyar E. V. Ramasamy Thanthai Periyar or E. V. R. , was a businessman, politician, Indian independence and social activist, who started the Self-Respect Movement or th e Dravidian Movement and proposed the creation of an independent state called Dravidasthan comprising South India. He is also the founder of the socio-cultural organisation, Dravidar Kazhagam. 123

Gaining And Maintaining Airworthiness Engineering Essay

Aircraft design summons heterogeneous in varied subjects such as aeromechanisms, facial expressions, line of achievement mechanics etc. Therefore, for an fashioncraft to go operational it is indispensable to show that the building and design of the aircraft can follow with the demands applicable and such confirmation and proof grounds infallible to be delegated to the pertinent governments.This study introduces Airworthiness and provides the reader the model involved in deriving airworthiness and how to keep it later.IntroductionConsideration of airworthiness policies has its beginnings since the early yearss of military flight. But aircraft design maintainations has been recorded previous to 1910 for balloons and the Royal Aircraft Factory has produced a design demand papers in 1916. The Aerial Navigation Act that is countenance by the Home Office in 1911 to censor winging in populated countries is an early illustration of gum elastic ordinance.Airworthiness Department ha s been established decennary subsequently by the Royal Aircraft Factory ( as office of the Air Ministry ) , which is the beginning of processs for company design state of graces and approved informations.Aircraft airworthiness means conformity with applicable air power governments ordinances that defines the minimal prophylactic degree of the aircraft, of the riders shiped and the over flown districts.When knowing and built harmonizing to applicable demands ,When operated within its intended environment and within its quantified and declared restrictions,And maintained in conformity with processs acceptable to the liable Authority.The European line natural rubber Agency ( EASA ) Regulation 216/2008, Article 5, 2 ( degree Celsius ) defines the airworthiness as Each aircraft shall be issued with an single support of airworthiness when it is shown that it conforms to the type design approved in its type-certificate and that relevant certification, reviews and trials demonst rate the aircraft is in status for safe operation The Airworthiness is a corporate duty of operators, governments, industries and wangle administrations. An airworthy aircraft is angiotensin-converting enzyme where the likeliness of any incident or accident as a consequence of malfunction, public presentation or handling of the aircraft is kept to acceptable degrees. The lone existent step of airworthiness in physical exercise is given by tracking and analysing incidents and accidents. The staying subdivisions will discourse the kernel of Gaining and Maintaining Airworthiness .Figure 01 Airworthiness Corporate DutiesExecution of AirworthinessAuthority ( EASA ) assurance that the design of a merchandise complies with the applicable demands based on support of the administration ( IR 21 DOA ) & A Certification of the design of merchandises ( CS 25 Technetium )DO ApprovalHarmonizing to European Aviation Safety Agency ( EASA ) , Design face Approval ( DOA ) demands Implementi ng Rule ( IR ) portion 21 ( published as extension to European Commission Regulation ( EC ) No 1702/2003 ) includes procedural demands applicable either to the industry ( Section A ) or to the Competent Authorities ( Section B ) but severalise 21 does non include commissariats to depute EASA license and / or signature to persons. Certification of aircraft and related merchandises, parts and contraptions, and of design and production administrations Administrations essential show following cardinal elements in order to obtain DO Approval.Design Assurance SystemHandbookRight PeoplesFootings of BlessingDuties of the holderFigure 02 DOA Key ElementssDesign Organisation Approval ( DOA ) Administration StructureFollowing diagram illustrates a simplified administration construction showing the indispensable elements in an aircraft design and fabrication administration.Figure 03 Design Administration StructureChief Executive Officer ( CEO ) Responsible for appropriate operation of the work topographical point by guaranting handiness of needed resources.Designated Certification Specialist ( DCS ) Airworthiness specializer nominated for a given subject ( ATA or Sub-ATA degree or for authorize Manuals ) to transport forth the enfranchisement underpickingss, in suspect to pull off the conformity presentation activities for their sphere.Part of the airworthiness map and act under the control of harvest-feast Integrity.Certification Manager ( CM )Certification panel leaders for their country of competency,Participate in the development of new enfranchisement schemesThe CM is the interface with Aviation Authorities at panel degree for primary TC, foreign enfranchisement / proof activities and for allocated major alterations.Chief Airworthiness Engineer ( CAE )Responsible for taking and organizing the enfranchisement and airworthiness activities for the programme.support by a squad normally called the CAE squad composed ofA Type Certification Manger ( TCM )An Indivi dual Aircraft Certification Manager ( IACM )A act Airworthiness Manager ( CAM )Type CertificationType enfranchisement is the procedure showing that the design of an aircraft complies with the applicable air power demands. Certification procedure could be a new type certification new aircraft ( ex. Airbus A380 ) , Amended Type enfranchisement theoretical account or derivative ( antique Airbus A350 1000 ) and important major alterations to the type design ( antique. A330-200 passenger to Freighter )To allow and EASA Type Certificate, aircraft industry shall obtain foremost a DOA ( Design Organisation Approval ) covering the relevant merchandise ( aircraft type ) and anyhow shall show its capableness to plan, attest and guarantee the continued airworthiness of its merchandises in conformity with the enfranchisement specification ( CS-25 ) and Environmental protection ( CS-34, CS-36 ) demands.To industry and release to service serial publication aircraft, industry must so obtain a POA ( Production Organisation Approval ) and pay back up relationship between DOA & A POA.Flight TrialFlight proving procedure could be potentially really dangerous and highly expensive receivable to unanticipated job s consequence in loss of life ( both crew and people on the land ) and harm to the aircraft. collectable to this grounds modern flight testing is one of the most safety witting operations. typically in that respect are two types of flight trial plans, military and commercial-grade. There is a important difference between military and commercial flight proving where commercial trial plans are carried forbidden to attest the aircraft meets all needed safety and public presentation demands where as military plans involved in aircraft industries planing and edifice aircraft to politics contracts to run into specific mission capablenesss. Initiation of flight trial readyings for both commercial and military aircraft commence good before the aircraft is ready to win g, although due to the point that the authorities is funding the military undertakings, engagement of military flight proving is commence much early-on in the design and proving procedure.Historical Data AnalysisHarmonizing to historical grounds, operational and airframe related hazard of a serious accident causes is about one per million flight hours but failure jobs occurred by aircraft organizations jobs is about 10 per centum of this entire sum. Therefore, it is sensible to causality that systems mistakes should non allowed serious accidents and it is wherefore possible for a new design to alter the pretend of such a serious accident non to be greater than one per ten million flight hours ( 1 x 10-7 ) .But it is non possible to place whether the mark can be met until all the aircraft systems has been numerically jointly analysed. Due to this ground it s assumed that there are about 100 possible failure conditions present randomly which could forestall safe flight and get of the aircraft. By sharing out each bit the mark allowable hazard ( ten 10-7 ) every bit among these conditions risk allotment consequence in non greater than 1 ten 10-9 to each. Therefore the upper hazard bound for failure conditions would be 1 ten 10-9 for each hr of flight which approximates chance value for the term Highly Improbable .Analytic techniquesAssorted analytical techniques have been developed in line with the above subject to help Airworthiness Authority and the applier to transport out a safety analysis, which could profit systematic qualitative analysis. This technique excessively of import for analyst to execute quantitative appraisal when required.The Advisory clobber Joint ( AMJ ) identifies both qualitative and quantitative analytical attacks which could used to back up JAA personal or assist applier to find the conformity with the demand. And it anyhow provides counsel for finding if or when a peculiar analysis to be conducted. The intended demand of the a nalytical tools is supplement but non to replace operational and engineering opinion.Legal IssuesTo hold a basic apprehension of the legal demand is critical for air power professionals such as pilots, mechanics, air traffic accountants and executives. National and world(prenominal) Torahs or ordinances regulate all facets of civil air transit. To guarantee the effectivity of the legal model and enforceability of safety facets, the undermentioned basic groups of ordinances have been developed.Airworthiness Regulations to specify relevant processs, andMinimum safety, proficient and public presentation demands to be realised and maintain in the aircraft design.Ex-husband EASA Part 21 ( aircraft enfranchisement processs ) , Part M and Part 145 ( aircraft heraldic bearing ) & A CS-25 ( design codification for big aircraft )Operational ordinances to specify the basic regulations air traffic has to follow and the lower limit demands for reliable sorts of operations, for the aircraft a nd the individual or the administration.Ex-husband EU-OPS1 Commercial Air TransportationAfter an accident there is two top dog probes ( proficient & A legal legal proceeding ) will be conducted. Legal proceedings consist with Civil proceedings which involved in civil claims for amendss by victims and/or their relations, Commercial proceedings which involved in claims for amendss by client and/or its insurance company ( Aircraft fix / loss, Reduction in aircraft residuary value, Loss of gross ) and eventually Criminal prosecution, in instance of decease / serious hurt, in certain legal powers ( ex France, Germany ) .Continued AirworthinessHarmonizing to ICAO Doc No 9760-2001 continued Airworthiness defined as The procedures that guarantee, at any discerp in its life, an aircraft complies with the proficient conditions fixed to the issue of the Certificate of Airworthiness and is in a status for safe operation. And recommends Contracting provinces are required to hold a system th at ensures aircraft are in a status for safe operation. F. Florio ( 2006 ) stated that safety is the most of import thing which has to be guaranting every clip in every flight operations and all the aeroplanes must be in an air worthy province which is suited for fly. In other words all the aircrafts must accomplish and execute all the processs in the Airworthiness Directive manuals. Furthermore, Florio ( 2006 ) besides mentioned that continued airworthiness can be rely on two factorsAdministration operatorsCareCareCare can be explained as changes, reviews, surrogates of parts of the aircraft. This can be done by taking a record entry for each event such as replacing of LRUs ( Line replacement units ) .Harmonizing to Florio ( 2006 ) , Maintenance refers to as preventive care, changes and fixs and debut of airworthiness directive and besides he stated that airworthiness is rely on the care programmes, which besides set up the replacing of clip alteration points, the inspection and repair engines, propellors and assorted parts of contraptions.Florio mentioned that as the portion of the merchandise type enfranchisements of aircraft airworthiness governments requires instructions for continued airworthiness therefore these instructions can be identified as the cardinal tools of the care because they are the basic care programmes. These care programmes must provide the demands of operational and care criterions.Harmonizing to EASA Maintenance programme Every aircraft shall be maintained in conformity with the care programmes approved by the competent authorization, which shall be sporadically reviewed and amended consequently.The care programme and any subsequent amendments shall be approved by the competent authorizationThe care programmes must set up conformity with Instruction manuals for go oning airworthiness issued by the type certification and the auxiliary type certification holderInstruction manuals issued by the complement authorizationInstruction manua ls issued by the proprietor or the operator and approved by the competent authorization.darnsRepair procedure involves different administrations where, when the merchandises are non with aircraft industry, go oning airworthiness is governed by the province of register or the duties are spread out in administrations.Part 21A subpart M states the fix procedural demands for enfranchisement.Under Part 21 subpart MeterElimination of harm ( 21A.431 B )Unrepaired amendss ( 21A.445 a ) by of Part 21 subpart MReplacement without design activity ( 21A.431c )Repairs design from an approved manual ( GM 21A.431 a )Following diagrams illustrates the Airbus mending procedure.Figure 04 Airbus Repairing ProcedureThe Structure Repair Manual ( SRM ) describes general fix patterns, stuffs and typical fixs, allowed amendss, which are considered applicable to standard fixs. It s approved by aircraft industry under DOR privilege.AlterationsChanges made to a peculiar aircraft after the issue of the airwort hiness certification is a alteration. This could include alterations to the constructions, systems, powerplants, propellors etc Furthermore, permutation of one type for another besides considered as a alteration. Any alteration requires blessing from the Civil Aviation Authority straight or via an sanctioned administration.During a design alteration, inside informations of the alteration must be given to the authorization at early phase where so the alteration is classified as child or major medicine harmonizing to the nature of the probe. If the result of an probe requires amendments to the Certificate of Airworthiness or Flight Manual, authorization may necessitate following major alteration processs.Incidents and AccidentsFlight safety experts believe that series of events leads to incidents and accidents.Accidents During the operation of an aircraft, consequence in happening associated with a individual being fatally or earnestly injured from the clip any individual boards to t he aircraft with purpose of flight until the clip all individuals disembarked.Incidents Other than accidents incidents besides occurrences which relate to the operation of the aircraft or could impact the safety of its operation.Aging AircraftCivil Aviation authorization has defined Aging aircrafts as An operational aircraft nearing the terminal of its design life premise ( Alder P. 2005 ) . Aging aircraft can besides be called as an older aircraft every bit good. Since the aircraft are industry to supply long permanent go for so many old ages, all the aircraft must be in an airworthy province and have to be safe to wing. Thus care programmes must be carried out to keep the aircraft and besides aircraft must be operated harmonizing to the makers recommendation.Florio F. ( 2006 ) stated that, older aircraft require extra attention and the care programmes must be carried out in a more specific manner than the late manufactured aircraft. And besides he stated that due to the wearin ess, inadvertent harm and besides due to the environmental impairment more review in the constituents of the construction must necessitate in care programmes. So to keep airworthiness in older aircrafts makers of the flight has to supply operators with the specific plans. In older aircrafts usually each of the airplane constituents have to undergo well-nigh of the fixs, inspection and repairs, review care, preventative care and some replacings of constituents of the aircraft.Care records have to be update on a regular basis by the operator. Florio F. ( 2006 ) states that between operator of the aircraft, maker and besides the authorization there should be an unfastened communicating system. Furthermore he states that one time a job occur the operator or the proprietor of the aircraft must inform it to the maker and so maker has to fix the recommendations and has to update the appropriate programmes of continued air worthiness. After scrutiny of those care programmes the governments will O.K. those.Role of the RegulatorAirworthiness programmes consist of three chief functions.RegulatorImplementerResearch workerCivil Aviation Authority ( CAA ) , European Aviation Safety Agency ( EASA ) and Federal Aviation Regulations ( FAR ) are illustrations for the ordinance governments. These governments generate and distribute the ordinances for aircraft operations for air power industry.Civil Aviation Authority is the UKs independent specializer regulator. Their chief duty is to supply universe taking air safety environment in the air power industry. Aircraft licensing, care of specific airworthiness direction systems and economic ordinances, consumer protection, policies for air space and puting up national safety criterions can be taken as cardinal function of CAA.Regulators involved in few or many functions as followsPuting up the civil air power criterions and guarantee they are achieved.Regulates and encourages air hoses, airdromes and national air traffic services economic activities etcManages the chief travel protection strategy.Ensure the air space is a common topographic point for all users by conveying civil and military involvements together.Rede the authorities on air power issues.Represents consumer involvementsConduct scientific and economic research.Provide specializer services by bring forthing statistical informations.Conclusion & A RecommendationAircraft airworthiness means conformity with applicable air power governments ordinances that defines the minimal safety degree of the aircraft, of the riders transported and the over flown districts and when designed and built harmonizing to applicable demands, when operated within its intended environment and within its quantified and declared restrictions and maintained in conformity with processs acceptable to the responsible Authority. Therefore, The Airworthiness is a corporate duty of operators, governments, industries and care administrations.

Teamwork

W get into does it mean to be a successful squad? Over the past year, I watched my mother fight unitary of the hardest battles in the world. My mother was diagnosed with breast cancer last year, and even the best team of doctors could not cure her. The day she died, she went to my basketball game in the morning, and she died later(prenominal) that afternoon. The lesson I learned is that even if you give it your all, sometimes you taket always achieve your goal and take. My mother always wanted me to go to an NBA game. I have been a Wizards fan my whole life and have never been to a game.I am always observing how the best teams perform. I think the Wizards ar a great team that love the game and respect each other, and that is what you need to be a successful team. For example, the more you trust your teammates, the more likely it is the team will achieve its goal. A team must work together to achieve a goal, but sometimes even the best teams dont win. John Wall is one of my big gest idols. He trusts and respects his teammates, plays with speed and precision, and even when he loses, he is always respectful.If I could see him play, it would be a dream come true. Runner up Its virtually working together By Zoe Cachion, 11, Arlington Teamwork is helping people out when they need it, and working together. You win as a team, and you lose as a team, You need to have empathy for other people on your team, Teams and teamwork are not just sports and other competitions. Teamwork is about . .?. trust, loyalty, confidence and perseverance. Success in your team is not really winning every single game. Its more about working together with your teammates.Sure, it feels wonderful to win, but it feels even better when you know everybody in the team worked hard to get that win. Thats what success in teamwork means to me. Runner up The ubuntu blast By Dan Huynh, 12, Falls Church Before each of their games, the successful Boston Celtics yell the African word ubuntu, which i nspires the team to snap on the greater neat rather than individual success. A successful teams players dont care about only their stats, All-star appearances, salary or winning championships.Positive teammates focus on the people they play with every day and how they can help their peers improve. An ubuntu-type player will pass on opportunities to others. For example, the Washington Wizards show that their team is centre on the greater good because, as Kevin Seraphin said, we play like a team. Nobody is selfish. Nobody wants to be the hero. Every night, you let somebody else shine. This attitude makes their team successful. Ubuntu does not only apply to professional sports it pertains to amateur sports also.For example, my aquatics coach told our team that during a water polo game, one of his players had the opportunity to get a hat trick. However, instead of shooting himself, he pump-faked and passed to his open teammate, who scored. This team was successful because its player s shared opportunities rather than focused on themselves. When a team works together, teammates are fitted to help one another overcome obstacles and improve both as individuals and as a team. As the ubuntu philosophy states, I am what I am because of who we all are.

Insanity Defense Essay

Imagine for a moment, more or lessone has just inexplicably murdered a mformer(a) or child. Imagine the rage, crimson you apart, physically making you shake or be ill. At the same time this rage is entangled and somewhat smo on that pointd by the crushing heartbreak well uping up inside of you. A thought flashes into your head, I leave behind kill the person responsible for this however our sanity stops that action. A persons hallucination allows you to be that to actually carry out a murder is il reasonable, immoral, and illegal. You know that your actions will land you a spot in hell next to all the other Murders. That thought process is exactly what separates you from a killer. Although with the right lawyer, the person who committed this tragic crime may someday be able to be free. This receiver may be able to push such anguish onto a nonher family because they were let free on grounds of momentary insanity. The insanity defense should be wiped out nationwide unless cert ain tests of mental insanity are met and a patient has a history of a mental illness. The insanity defense is a shepherds crook defense that is used when the defendants case states that the crime occurred because the defendant had a severe mental disease or defect and was unavailing to apprehend the wrongfulness of his or her acts.When somebody claims insanity, they are non held responsible for their wrong actions. There are two pieces of evidence the first being the criminate was unable to tell right from wrong and the second that the impeach did not intend to act the way he or she did and/or could not jibe their behavior. The insanity defense should not be a valid excuse to free criminals. Insanity is a legal term, not a psychological one, and experts protest whether it has valid psychological meaning. Critics of not sheepish by reason of insanity form claimed that too populacey sane defendants use the insanity defense to flow justice that the state of psychological kn owledge encourages expensive dueling expert contests that juries are unlikely to understand that, in practice, the defense unfairly excludes some defendants. Research on not guilty by reason of insanity fails to support most of these claims but some serious problems may exist with this.The insanity defense goes defend to 1843 when a man by the name of Daniel McNaughtan attempted to assassinate Edward Drummond, Secretary to theBritish Prime Minister Robert Peel. McNaughtan was under the impression that he was being prosecuted, so he reacted with murder. Daniel McNaughtan killed Robert Peels secretary. He was found not guilty by reason of insanity. Following his struggle, he spent the next twenty age in a mental asylum until his dying. Soon after this case, the English House of Lords set standards for the insanity defense which they called McNaugtans Rule Every man is to be presumed to be sane, andthat to establish a defense on the ground of insanity, it must be clearly proved tha t, at the time of the committing of the act, the party accused was laboring under such a defect of reason, from disease of mind, as not to know the nature and quality of the act he was doing or if he did know it, that he did not know he was doing what was wrong. (Encyclopedia Of Everyday righteousness) Soon after this rule became legal, the United States criminal justice system adopted this precedent. In 1981, after the attempted assassination of Ronald Reagan by John Hinckley, the insanity defense received a lot of harsh publish criticism. John Hickley was found not guilty by reason of insanity.Various people argued that Hinckley was guilty because the premeditation of the crime committed proved him to be sane, therefore the insanity defense should not have proved him not guilty. Hickley was found not guilty by reason of insanity and remains in psyciatic care. This allows the mentally ill defendant to be found liable of his or her crime, but requires them to seek psychiatric treat ment or be placed in a mental hospital. When the defendants are well enough, they are moved to a prison to serve their sentences. Because of cases like this, the insanity defense still undergoes a lot of public criticism today. Although, during a more recent trial of Jeffrey Dahmer, who mutilated and consumed his young victims, the defendant tried to use the insanity defense, but the jurors found the criminal both sane and guilty.This case showed that the insanity defense does not work for all criminals and supported the publics criticism of the insanity defense. In another famous case, the Unabomber case, defendant Kaczynski refused to allow his attorney to present an insanity defense, and instead pled guilty and was sentenced to a life in prison. Had he let his attorney go through with the temporary insanity plea, there is a good bechance that Kaczynski would be a free man today and could potentially kill again. The insanity defense does not eliminate the certificate of indebt edness of a criminal act from theperson committing the crime instead, it is a defense mechanism for criminals who argue that at the time of the crime the defendant did not have willful intent due to a severe mental defect or disease. As stated before, numerous people are opposed to the insanity defense. They are against the insanity defense because they see it as a means where the defendant can avoid the consequences of his or her actions. People fear violent crimes and will be more apt to prosecute a criminal versus allowing the criminal another chance. The public, as they should be, is shocked when a criminal is successful in imploring insanity, is sent to a mental institution, and then is released once deemed cured by a team of physicians. The public does not see this as punishment, because it is not. A absolutely stint in a mental institution is nothing compared to serving hard time. Some studies suggest that prison time is ineffectual, that may be but isolating violent crimin als is a public safety matter. If left to their own devices, there is a very real possibility that they may strike again.The temporary insanity plea is almost always used in cases of extreme mutilation, murder, and other horrific crimes, yet after undergoing a physiological evaluation some of the most vile people earth are allowed to walk free. Incomprehensibly, the very people who most deserve to be locked up for life are the ones who most often get off by claiming temporary insanity. Due to the violent nature of there crimes it is not a stretch to claim that they were insane. The vast mass of violent criminals are repeat offenders, and that affects every assesspayer in the United States, because it costs tens of thousands of dollars just to run a criminal through the justice system, not to nominate the cost of providing care for them afterward. Once a person has proven they have the capacity to commit such an offence, they have proven that they are not learn to enjoy the freed oms that we as Americans are entitled. The insanity defense is an excuse for criminals to break the law and have no bearing on punishments. In most criminal cases the insanity plea is just a defense strategy aimed at delivering guilty defendants from serving time in prison or getting the death penalty. Most defendants that are found guilty by reason of insanity are released from the mental hospital years if not decades earlier than they would have been if they served their continuous prison sentence. The insanity defense allows criminals to avoid the punishments they should be receiving for the crime they committed.Whensomeone is found not guilty by reason of insanity, jurisdictions require that the person reach at least some time in a psychiatric adroitness if not automatically, many states require commitment to a psychiatric facility on grounds of mental illness, dangerousness, or both most states do not have a limit on the amount of time that someone can be institutionalized i nsane. How long they spend in an institution also varies by state, but on average most stay ternary and a half years in New Jersey 35% of the sample were still in institutions 8 years later in myocardial infarction it was 9 1/2 months in Illinois it was 17 1/2 months, however, in this sample over 70% had been found incompetent prior to trial and had spent an average of 38.4 months in institutions. (Washington Post)= In the early 1990s involving eight different states a study was conducted. They found that less than one percent of criminal defendants used the insanity defense. Only a quarter of these resulted in successful acquittals. Today a number of states have replaced the option of pleading not guilty by reason of insanity with pleading guilty but mentally ill. Currently, Idaho, Montana, and Utah banned insanity defenses, along with the supreme courts ruling. Along with this, surrounded by sixty and seventy percent of cases in which the insanity plea is invoked are for crimes other then murder. In actuality, it is used approximately 0.9% of the time. There are 51 different types of insanity defenses in the United States, one for each set of state laws, and one for federal law when dealing with someone pleading not guilty by reason of insanity. With astronomical operating costs of a psychiatric facility that increase the tax burden on every tax payer in the nation, especially the maximum security facilities that this caliber of criminal is housed at, the temporary insanity precedent set forth over a speed of light ago should be phased out. Unfortunately, murder and violent crime has and will continue to happen as long as there are human beings funding in close proximity, it is and ugly and regrettable reality of human society. There is no real solution to this horrible truth, but the closest and most logical option to preventing the deaths of more innocent people is for temporary insanity regulations to become much more strict. This will inevitably sav e lives, for if just one liquidator has a second opportunity to kill another person that is one more person that is needlessly killed because the killer was given a second chance and not put in prison the first time they proved they have thecapacity to take a life.Works CitedInsanity Defense. The Lectric Law Librarys Lexicon. 2 February, 2009. 12 February, 2009.http//www.lectlaw.com/def/d029.htmlMartin, John P. The Insanity Defense A closer look. Washington Post. 27 February, 1998. WP. 24 February, 2009. http//www.washingtonpost.com/wpsrv/local/longterm/aron/qa227.html otherwise U.S. News AMA Opposes Insanity Plea. Facts On accuse World News Digest 23 Dec. 1983. World News Digest. Facts On File News Services. 23 Feb. 2009. ultimate Court Arizona Insanity Defense Law Upheld. Facts On File World News Digest 29 June 2006. World News Digest. Facts On File News Services. 23 Feb. 2009.

For music consumers, the shift to the computer-file medium

For unison consumers, the shift to the computer-file medium happened years ago. This is particularly true with demographics that have essentially come of age through the evolution of the individualised computer, the internet and ecommerce. Over the course of the early 21st century, online buying was most popular among 25-34 year olds and least attractive to the 65+ seniors. (Vargas, 1) This same demographic is still of individuals who, over more than half a decade of unrestrained music downloading admittance, have come to expect a number of opportunities.Specifically, in that respect is an immediacy to this access that transcends traditional music buying methods, with the click-and-download go bypassing the need to go to a store or wait for an online-ordered item to arrive in the mail. Songs instantly progress on the consumers hard-drive and may subsequently be listened to and burnt to a Compact Disc. With literally infinite peer-to-peer communities emerging constantly to impr ove the organization, presentation and dependability of such(prenominal) acquisition methods, drug users still have countless ways to find music for free.Students at the University of Maryland reflect this exact pattern, and have thus create part of a pattern which runs afoul of music industry needs and legal perceptions. The object here lead seek to resolve the impasse by researching the prospects for a partnership with legal music downloading services which give allow students to continue to download for free however under more lawful terms.2. installation and BackgroundThe University of Maryland, like all major universities and campuses across America, is faced with an interested and difficult challenge with regard to the issue of illegal music downloading. It is a well-recognized fact that some(prenominal) students use the high-speed internet provided by the campus itself in order to use peer-to-peer trading programs that allow for the free downloading of pirating musi c, movies and other unauthorized digital items which atomic number 18 characterized as intellectual property.The opportunity for students to engage in this activity represents a distinct conflict of interest for the university, which does not permit the use of its channels for the piracy of music, and which also supports the entitlement of individuals to use the computer technology at their disposal with relative freedom within the limitations of the law. This proposal go away call for a research investigating which effectively determines the best way for the university to improve the legal adherence of its students while simultaneously preserving the student bodys ability to use downloading services harmonize to their desires.The background history of this problem concerns the expansion of technological opportunities and a relative inability of music companies and campuses alike to remain abreast of resulting expectations amongst average music consumers such as those spotting c ollege campuses.Even prior to the complicating arrival of internet technologies, the issue of preserving intellectual property has long been a morass of legal and philosophical entanglements for both the originators and the consumers of said property.On the college campus and in the music industry, this issue takes particular precedence as we struggle today to find balanced ways to compensate artists, entertainers and the portals through which they are delivered to us while simultaneously serving our appetites as consumers who are not being treated well by music gatekeepers. Bootlegging, a term apply throughout history to describe all manner of counterfeiting and marketing of ill-gotten or illegal contraband, today almost automatically conjures up thoughts of the internet.This new barrier for the exchange of intellectual properties has evolved into an abyss of piracy forums and file-sharing operations, as online discussion forums, weblogs and business reports on the subject, culle d from the internet, will reveal in the resulting research project. As we seek to elevate an appropriate mode for study, we can note that there is a very clear sociological divide on how parties involved perceive the implications of this music downloading frontier.For music retailers, who to this juncture have headed hard-copy packages of music at ever-growing industry controlled rates and in the medium defined by current industry standards, the sudden transition to a setting where this content could be acquired for free and at a bypass of conventional media and gate-keeping channels was a shocking one for which most were wholly unprepared. On the opposite end of the spectrum, the independent ability for users to develop digital exchange technology and to compile digitally stored data such as that available on purchased compact discs represented a new and desirable means of obtaining music.In part a direct product of the evolution of information technologies and in part a natural response to a music industry where output was increasingly over-priced and diminishing in artistic quality, consumers have begun not only to expect but to actively claim a new means to acquiring music. The new digital medium, which compresses songs into computer files called MP3s, has become the commonly accepted medium for music possession amongst consumers. In contrast, the industry is struggling only now to catch up. The proposal here will seek to devise a university approach that inherently acknowledges this gap, and attempts to round a mediating role in bringing only presently emerging paid file-sharing programs into contact with student populations.Key terms which will be considered in the proposal are those of file-sharing, intellectual property, and online piracy.3. Proposed Program or Plan of WorkIn the current online file-sharing context, everyday university students have essentially become bootleggers, according to legal research and assertion by both the music industry and the United States Congress. These are sources which appear to favor the music industry institutions, but in actuality, take a narrow locating that is damaging to compromise for all parties. The program proposed here will be informed by a desire to overcome this hindrance to cooperation through a carefully constructed mediation whereby the university determines the best possible way to initiate an ability for students to continue to download music for free without sacrificing a relationship to industry and law.Namely, this functioning of information gathering and research examination will require a consultation with the music industry in particular. The music trade, represented by the enter Industry Association of America (RIAA) has insisted that downloading communities are costing the industry millions of dollars in declining sales. Since the inception of the Napster online music swapping forum in popular culture, there is a commodious awareness and exploitation of new and limitless internet resources for the acquisition of free music, with millions of American students logging on everyday to take part in the impertinently proliferated field of bootlegging.If one is to take the music industry as a case study of the changing nature of commerce with the integration of internet technology, there may be evidence to suggest that the retail approaches traditionally taken by more industries may be subject to extinction. This is a fact that informs the center on of the study on the best way to court involvement of many music industry players to participate in campus programs designed to streamline downloading opportunities for students.Data gathering will be conducted through a close consultation with such pay sites as Rhapsody and iTunes, which offer users the opportunity to pay either subscription fees or monthly charges. The University will investigate the potential for partnership with such services, making one or multiple downloading sites accessible to students as a part of the university enrollment package.The research sue will therefore be structured around a correlation between the apparent downloading practices of students, which can be considered by way of a radical literature review on current university piracy patterns, and the various terms upon which music industry players are willing to participate in programs which increase user access across university settings. One expected challenge in this research process is the likelihood that gatekeeper based file downloading programs will not offer a sufficient alternative to many students who already enjoy the benefits of peer to peer trading. This is an issue which inclines us to enter the proposal with an intent to evaluate and put up the distinct benefits of legal downloading where both options are available to individuals at no cost.4. Qualifications and ExperienceThe process of developing this experimental research process will primarily be based upon the dispatching of university personnel to effectively navigate the marketing aspects which are likely to take a center stage in the resolution of mutually well(p) programs for industry players and students. Likewise, one who is familiar with the subject of student behaviors in this context will be dispatched to conduct the literature reviewer on habituation.5. BudgetThe cost of the process will be relatively modest, with major resources being limited to those required to conduct research on present behaviors. It is the proposed ambition here that partnership with many of these services will be directly based upon the presence of agreed-upon sponsorship arrangements in which students are granted unfettered access to programs in exchange for the universitys forward motion of service brand names. Thus, the cost should be no greater than an estimated $10,000 required for the time and personnel used to conduct basic research.6. AppendicesThe task schedule will be centered on the start of a new fall semester, with the summer months employed to gain the partnerships needed to implement a trial program for incoming students.BibliographyBorland, John. (April 9, 2003). Music Industry Piracy is choking sales. CNET News. Online at .Garrity, Brian. (2004). MP3 Blog sites cause concern. Billboard Magazine.McClintock, Pamela. (March 14, 2004) Copyright Piracy Draws Anti-Terror Scrutiny. Washington Variety.Timms, Dominic. (July 9, 2004). Online piracy dogs movie industry. The Guardian.Vargas, Melody. (2005). network Vs. Parking Mall Space. About the Retail Industry. Online at .

The Advantage of Mixed Economy

A heterogeneous economy lies between the opposite poles of a free-market economy and a centrally planned, or neighborlyist, scheme. A merge governing body combines capitalist and socialist elements, and is neartimes referred to as a third way. Most nations, including the fall in States, operate mixed economies with varying combinations of capitalist and socialist features. obscure systems offer a variety of benefits, including free enterprise and private ownership, as well as a social safety net and the capacity for regimen activity intervention when needed.Free Enterprise Free enterprise and private ownershiptwo essential characteristics of a free-market economyremain part of a mixed economic system. Under such a system, individuals are free to own property and operate for-profit businesses. The specific direct and extent of free enterprise varies crossways countries. Some nations, such as the United States, emphasize free enterprise and private ownership of industry, wh ile other countries systems involve state ownership of some industries, such as transportation, energy and utilities. In addition, privately owned industries may be subject to a variety of government regulations.Social Safety net One of the primary benefits of a mixed economy is the existence of a government-funded social safety net, which exists to provide at least a minimal level of subsistence for citizens. Sometimes referred to as a welfare state, the benefits nether this safety net include, but are not limited to, a publicly funded healthcare system for all citizens or at least some segments of the population, minimum wage laws, unemployment insurance and a publicly funded pension system. A pure market system with private ownership of industry and only minimal state intervention in the economy would, in theory at least, leave such social benefits to private charities. The United States mixed economic system includes the Social Security system, a federal minimum wage law and he althcare benefits for the elderly under Medicare. Other nations, such as Canada, have universal healthcare systems.Ability to Intervene The mixed economic system is based on the idea that government can improve economic outcomes through fiscal or monetary policy action. A mixed system gives government the flexibility to intervene in the economy in times of emergency. The best example of this was in 2008, when a global financial crisis threatened to plunge the economy into a global depression. The United States and other nations moved to stabilize their financial systems. The U.S. government, for its part, provided more than $700 billion in bailout funds to enable the nations banks to clear toxic assets, backed by troubled mortgages, from their books.

Audience agree Essay

Catherine says Eddie is a rat who belongs in the sewer. To what extent by the end of the happen, does the audition agree with her? To begin with, the point at which Catherine says this, it is a very emotive moment its at the climax of the play. It is the first time Catherine has confronted Eddie by telling him exactly how she feels. She is fed up of being controlled by him and is therefore unhappy with the way he treats Beatrice also.It annoys her that Beatrice is non defending herself and when Eddie does not allow her to go to Catherines wedding, she does not even answer back. This results in Catherine unusually insulting Eddie in an enormous way, Hes a rat he bites sight when they sleep and poisons decent people, in the garbage he belongs Here Catherine is releasing all her anger and intensified emotion which has been built up over the years, now she finally has found the courage and independence to allow Eddie know he give the axenot make her decisions for her any more, as if it is a threat.However while she says this, she is weeping, so it is supposed(prenominal) she meant it. It is unusual for Catherine to disrespect Alfieri, as in the past she has a close relationship with him. She says to Eddie, as shortly as he gets home, Ill get you a beer and Ill light it(cigar) for you, she likes to fuss over him, this shows that she cares a lot for him, so she is a kind and caring person. This particular incident, when calling Eddie a rat, nigh would say is out of character. When she says, Eddie go away please, mayhap at this point she is regretting what she said before.The audience however may agree with Catherine, that Eddie is a rat, because of the way Eddies character has been portrayed. From the beginning of the play Eddie is the overprotective guardian who detectms to be possessive over Catherine. I promise your mother. Im responsible for you, Eddie fells he is responsible for Catherine and misinterprets the role of a guardian.In Catherines eyes, he is controlling her life, by not giving her freedom as she is growing up. Many people may argue that he has no right over her, as technically he is not her real father. He is uneffective to accept that she is growing up, some how he needs to realise that she is now seventeen and he can not continue to treat her like child.He does not let her make her own decisions, an workout of this in the play is when he does not let her take the stenographer undertaking, even though he knows how much this means to her, he is at first stubborn and does not let her take it. He says this is not what he has in mind for her, and he continuously says, I want, not at once is he thinking just about what she wants only the fact that it is not what he wants for her. Again he is onerous to control her which is unnecessary, it seems like he is being selfish and the part of the reason why he does not want Catherine to take the job is because he would loose control of her, which is why he wants her to st ay at school where he can keep an eye on herBeatrice at this point influences the audiences view of Eddie when she says shes seventeen. you gonna keep her in the house all her life? this shows that she knows that Eddie is being unreasonable, and perhaps shows the audience an report of what life was like for women in those days, women were not expected to work and many were not able to make their own decisions, only the man of house had the rights.Therefore Beatrice encourages the idea of Catherine taking this job because it is not likely for her to be offered any thing like this again. This certainly encourages the audience to sympathise with Catherine, and see this as a negative aspect of Eddies character. Eddie perhaps changes his mind, only because he feels embarrassed and that Beatrice has insulted by saying this. He does not want her to think he is not being a dependable guardian to Catherine.Another example of Eddies bad character is when Catherine finds herself attracted to Rodolpho, this is clear to Eddie because of the way Catherine is giving more attention to him rather than Eddie. When Eddie stops Rodolpho singing kid you dont want to be picked up, do ya?, it is clear that Eddie is getting frustrated and is just using the fact that Rodolphos singing could be odd to others, as an excuse.We know this because he keeps on essay to explain himself to Marco as though he is trying to convince himself as well as Rodolpho and Marco that he has a valid point, and that Eddie does not like the idea of Catherine and Rodolpho getting close. The reality is that Eddie is jealous of the attention Catherine gives Rodolpho, whereas normally it is Eddie who receives all the attention. This strange behaviour encourages us (audience), to assume that he has started to develop unusual feelings for Catherine, Eddies disapproval of Catherine and Rodolpho, many would say, is unnecessary and unfounded.Other assure to support the assumption that Eddie has unacceptable emot ions towards Catherine, is that because of these feelings, his relationship with Beatrice is also suffering, Beatrice says to Eddie, when am I gonna be a wife again? Eddie says, I dont feel goodIm worried about her.This shows that his feelings for Catherine are strong enough to confuse himself about his relationship with wife If he were genuinely bear on for Catherine, it would not have interfered with his relationship with his wife. Their relationship problems pre-date the cousins arrival, so there is something else which results in his lack of interest in Beatrice. This is the aspect of Eddies character, which influences the audience the most, to describe him as a rat

European Crisis

Meanwhile, it has greatly magnified its enthusiasm as well as its scale Italian, Portugal, and Spain have recently come its next victims after Greece and Ireland. An skilful and practical remedy is what we desperately need at this time of harshness. In the scope of this essay, the three more(prenominal) than or less commonly accepted solutions to the Crisis leave behind be presented and discussed. Ger more, the only atomic number 63an country having a growth in rescue during the previous year, plays the central role in two of them. Greece, on the other hand, might to a fault have the chance to resolve its shameful legacy.Despite the diversity of routes and methods, all these strategy have the same objectives let dark the Rezone from a possible break-up and bring prosperity back to the Continent. . Seeking for the cure Since the collapse of Hellenic thriftiness in 2009, two bailout loan packages for this country, which apprized ?110 billion and ?130 billion, respectively, have been signed remove by atomic number 63an leaders. In addition, a ?85 billion loan to Ireland and another ?78 billion to Portugal were made shortly afterward.While these loans expected effects are still miles away, its counter effect has been so diaphanous to Europe the enormous burden borne by other members will pull even financially levelheaded countries back into crisis. Goernments is on its way down. In the worst scenario, if Italian goes slighted, the added bailout loan for the fourth largest economy in Europe is estimated to cost more than ?1,000 billion, a terribly huge number which surpasses many countries GAP and amounts to over a half of cut GAP in 2011.Bailout straight off appears to be only a temporarily fire-fighting solution, because if things keep going on this way, the Rezone will, sooner or later, find it getting trapped in the virulent circle of crisis- bailout-more crisis. An ultimate rescue plan for the Rezone is now more desirable than ever in front . One of the just about concerned and most controversial proposals was about the Rebound a bond issued by the self-coloured Rezone countries as an driving force to share debts among members in a more comprehensive way.If exist, that new bond would be guaranteed by the dominance in the powerful economic engine of Germany. The risk premium on that bond would reduce signifi discounttly, which could depict into a lower engage rate and a more acceptable burden, whereas it would also be more attractive to investors than separate governmental bonds of Greece, Italian or Spain. In case the bonds grow to maturity, the peripheral countries would not have to bear the obligation of payment alone, as the whole regions economies would share that indebtedness.In brief, Rebound is a way of transferring the large wealth from rich countries to troubled countries which are in need of that money, and simultaneously, sharing the burden among Rezone members more equally. Of course, this requires a high level of solidarity and mutual trust within Europe, since it may turn the Rezone into the most fiscally and politically cohesive union in the human history. The idea of Rebound was immediately in favor of new French President, Franois Hollander, and MIFF President, Christine Laggard.These two French sight know that, although always being considered the second largest economy in Europe, France is now at the edge of recession, due to its closely financial relationship with Greece and other peripheral countries (before the Crisis, France was Graces largest creditor, safekeeping nearly $60 billion Grecian direct debts). Rebound appears to be the best solution for France to avoid the cataclysmic orbit of crisis. However, Angela Marker and Germany did not find this idea interesting. From the very beginning, German masses have beatified other countries profligacy for the Crisis.They argued that they had always worked diligently, and paid one of the highest tax levels in the wor ld, with the belief that these taxes would better off their social welfare, as it actually did. They were tired of watching their tax money dedicated to hopeless bailout loans to countries, which had pursue reckless expenditure policies. They simply did not want to pick up another chance with that so-called Rebound, since it straight targeted at them as the main player, so they would, eventually, have to work and pay for most of the living of the whole region.The profound disagreement only exist on paper. Gary Silverman of Swordfish Research says Germany would only budge at one minute to midnight if the alternative was a complete collapse of the system. 3. The Credit plan On November 2011, Lord Wolfs, pass executive of retailer Next, launched a competition and offered a prize of IEEE,OHO for the best idea to get Europe out of the current situation. Many proposals had been submitted from all over the world, and the winning one was the entry of Roger Bottle and his police squad a t Capital Economics.Their plan suggested that Greece and other countries which are currently at the edge f default should leave the Rezone and introduce a new currency. A Credit-a combination of Greece and exit implying the escape of Greece from the Rezone-is believed to be vital for the restructuring of Greek economy as well as for the stability of other countries financial systems. According to this plan, the transformation lick has to be prepared thoroughly and secretly, and the action must be carried out promptly and straightly without prior usual announcement.Right after the introduction of the new currency, called the dram, the Greek government has to re take away the conversion rate between Euro and drachma. An sign one-for-one rate would be appropriate and widely acceptable. For example, a book which used to cost ?2 would now simply cost 2 drachmas. This would be helpful in avoiding confusion among the public, as well as reducing the menu costs in business transactions. In addition, people would probably want to withdraw their Euro holdings in banks because they have little confidence in the new drachma.Therefore, governmental controls are necessary to prevent a capital flight, which could instantly cause a vegetating collapse in Greek ailing bank industry. Until withdrawals in Euro and in drachma could be told apart, the whole withdrawing system, including banks and ATM, need to be shut down. In the next step, the Greek government could negotiate the redefinition of its Euro-denominated debts right after the transformation. Although the conversion rate appears to be understandable for the creditors, they would surely cl subscribe to a substantial extra payment from Greece as the compensation for changing the terms of debt contracts.The strategic aim of this whole meticulous plan would only take its toll hourly later. As being issued by such a weak state as Greece, drachma would soon experience a devaluation compared to Euro, followed up by a high inflation rate. Inflation is exactly what Greece currently needs. First, debts now denominated in drachma would significantly reduce in value, making them more likely to be repaid at a more acceptable cost for Greece. Additional, a high inflation rate meaner a lower real interest rate, which would stimulate borrowings and spending.Devaluation would also make Greek exports more competitive in the global market, which greatly contri scarcees to the theme income. Finally, according to macroeconomic theory, inflation could reduce the unemployment, and create more Jobs for a quarter of Greek travail movement force. Conundrums Greece is faced with, but will also assuage the burden to the rest of Europe. The regional stability will partly recover, and concerns about the health of Euro will probably be replaced by a slight extend in creditworthiness of Italian, Spain or Portugal.On its side, Germany can be relieved from the bad affects of the Crisis, as well as the commerce of sharing Graces debts. It can focus more on internal affairs and other peripheral countries. However, such a risky plan with perfect timing requirements would not happen without the nod and the intervention of Germany, Greek current main creditor. 4. The return of Deutsche Mark Another newly raised proposal suggests Germany exit the Rezone and introduce the Deutsche Mark (DAM). At the first glance, it seems to be inconceivable, as Germany is now considered the only power left which can save the Rezone from a complete collapse.However, there is a potential opportunity of ameliorate lying below the contradiction. This plan states that Germanys exit would immediately weaken the Euro, and that event would create the crucial breathing space essential for other countries self-renovate plans. The depreciation in Euro would have similar consequences as a Credit. It would make the real value of debts in Euro reduce, while increase Rezone countries competitiveness in exporting, including Frances a nd the Netherlands.Despite of Germanys withdrawal these states would be more likely to stay, and their manufacturing industries would pull ahead a lot from a weaker Euro. This stimulation would proceed the main inspiration for an uprising of the hole financial union and each of its members. As the regional economies foster, there would have a great demand of labor force, which would ultimately solve the issue of unemployment in troubled countries. Also, Spanish lower priced real estate would become a bargain for foreign investors, provided the Euros devaluation.That inflow of capital would be a precious resource for Spain to take necessary steps out of the Crisis. As opposed to the Credit, supporters of this plan claims that Greek exit could surely conduct in uncontrollable panic for peripheral countries, which is followed by bank nuns, failures and a tremendous trend of escaping. Meanwhile, a strong nation like Germany could execute a swift exit that would be over before anyone could panic. Additional, if Germany exits, it would not have to act as secretly as Greece would do.It would simply start the process by issuing government bonds denominated in DAM, while still live up to all previous assets, liabilities or contracts in Euro. A transition period would be necessary for Germany to get rid of the old Euro currency, but it would be less shocking and less risky than a Greek redefinition. Although Germany would initially suffer a considerable decrease in exports, since the DAM, which is much stronger than the Euro, would make German goods more expensive, the German powerful economy could promptly revive shortly after the exit.This action might appear to be agonizing, but people believe that it would completely end the lingering pain of the Crisis. Polls conducted recently have pointed out that many German people will be happy if they can return to the old currency. Like Britain, although Germany would not be in the Rezone anymore, its important position i n the soundness of European economy would not diminish. He region, Germany is currently the only nation that can use its exclusive prosperity to save the rest of Europe from the haunt of crisis.Alternatively, it may choose to abandon the Euro, return to its Deutsche Mark, and leave an adequately necessary space for the reform of other countries. Or it may even do nothing but watch Greek people get out of the union and take their chance with the drachma. The time left is not much. Spain is on the edge. Italian may be the next one. George Sorbs, the legendary investor, says that Germany has only three month to save both the Rezone and a lost decade. Whatever the decision of Germany is going to be, it must be made promptly and wisely enough.

Code of the Street Essay

The introduction chapter first explains the different types of neighborhoods that the urban center of Philadelphia has and to each one of the risks that go along with each neighborhood. Some of the neighborhoods are predominantly white, some are raci every(prenominal)y mixed, and some are predominately black. In the white- put pattern neighborhoods, the neighborhood farthest away from the core downtown area, there is little crime and upscale restaurants and stores. In the racially mixed neighborhood the blacks and whites be formn to get along save the whites are still apprised that blacks are around. In the black neighborhoods public decency gets little respect. The author explains a story close a women stopping her car in the middle of the highroad and nobody says a word or beeps a horn. This is be spend a penny nobody wants to start an uproar or see the womens wrath. This way, the cypher of the bridle-path provides an element of favorable organization and actually lesse ns the probability of violence.Code of the StreetThe principal(prenominal) problems in the interior-black communities, is the intersomebodyal violence and ill will. This aggression and violence is the result from the lack of jobs, limited public services, the stigma of race, the fallout from rampant do drugs use, and drug trafficking on the streets. The street culture has evolved a write in code of the street, which amounts to a set of informal rules authorities inter mortalal public behavior, particularly violence. In the code of the streets e actuallything is revolved around respect. With respect, people stomach mollification and security in public. The respect needed in a urban center care Philadelphia can cause people to do wrong things, still respect is needed to live in a city like Philadelphia.Chapter 1 Decent and Street FamiliesThe beginning of chapter one explains that right on and street approximates is the result of a social contest among individuals and famili es of the neighborhood. Even though a somebody might be a flop, that somebody might act like a street. Even though a person might be a street that person might act like a comely. This action is called code switching. Decent teenagers are more than than often engage in code switching. This is because decentpeople dont get the same respect as street people on the streets of Philadelphia. This causes decent people to do the same actions of street people. Street people pride themselves on existent the thug life. These people are usually highly intelligent that lack the education needed. The street people tend to embrace the street code to the max and will live and die on the street. Decent FamiliesFrom what I took from that plane section of the chapter is that decent families from the inner cities pride themselves on organism like middle class nuclear families. The decent family prides themselves on working hard and making do with what they provoke. The decent family saves thei r bullion for material things. The decent family instills a sense of responsibility in its two-year-older members. Most decent families collapse the father still living with them. The father is usually the head of the household and sets rules for his children. He is a very strict man trying to keep his children away from the street life.Street FamiliesThe street family lives by the code of the street. These families have very little resources compared to the decent family. The lives of street-oriented families are usually disorganized. Bills are usually unpaid but instead money will be spent on drugs, cigarettes, and liquor. Street families are usually considered to be lowlifes or bad people and are seen as a bad influence on the community. The kids of street families have it the hardest. These kids usually live in homes of crack addict mothers and drug dealing fathers. The kids learn from their parents and tend to grow up to be the same things. This is an shell of the social le arning theory. This is a prime example because the kids are learning this from the parents and thence go on to do the same things their parents are doing. It is usually a cycle until someone in the family breaks it.Chapter 2 Campaigning for RespectThis chapter in my opinion is the most chief(prenominal) chapter in the book. The code of the streets is all about respect. Everything a person does on the streets is all for respect. Without respect the person will not be able tosurvive on the streets. Respect becomes critical for staying out of termss way. To get respect on the streets a person might fight for it. Much of the code has to do with achieving and holding respect.The Social ShuffleThe first chapter talked about decent kids trying to act like street kids, this section of the chapter is all about that. Decent kids grow up with street kids and the street kids usually bully the decent kids. To get respect the decent kids are typically fighting for respect so they are not bullie d. As a means for survival having a name, a reputation for being willing and able to fight is a way to get respect among peers.The Self-Image Based on succusJuice is a term in the streets that refers that there are no guarantees against challenges, because there are perpetually people around looking for a fight in order to increase their share of respect. In the streets the right look can get a person respected. Physical appearance and clothes plays an grievous role in respect. If a person does not have the right clothes to fit it a way to get those materialist things is by taking possessions.The School as a Staging AreaIn class we learned that a young age kids get labeled. This label can be carried all the way through high school. In the code of the street I learned that even though the decent kids are good kids they would act like the label that gives them respect instead of the good label that they are. In Philadelphia most kids dont take school seriously. To accept school woul d give in act white, to give up the value of the street for some other thing. This shows weakness and does not give respect on the street.Chapter 3 Drugs, Violence, and Street CrimeDrugs and crime go hand and hand. The more drugs on the street the more crime is being committed. The same thing goes for jobs and education. The better education a person has, the more chance of a person finding a job. Kids from the inner city are beautiful much are set to fail. The inner cities usually have poor education systems resulting in kids not having the propereducation to find a decent paying job. This is forcing kids to go into the streets and dealing drugs. This results in more crime for the cities. If cities would give kids a proper education then there would be less drugs, violence, and crime. This section in my opinion is the strain theory. The social structure around the children pressures them into committing street crimes. Chapter 4 The Mating plotThe sentence that stood out to me the most in this chapter was a street-oriented young man may rationalize his conjugation as a trap into which the women has lured him. The fact that young girls want to get pregnant at a young age to keep their baby daddys around is crazy to me. In fraternity it is hard to afford a child when the person has a well-paying job. When an inner city child has a child that kid is set up to fail.The Baby ClubThe section of this chapter talks about how girls have the dream of a good life and to have that good life it is necessary to have a baby. It is the cool thing to have a baby in the inner city, as the book says. The girls have social clubs and peer groups that give social support for having a baby at a young age. In the inner city it was an accessory to have a baby and to have the coolest accessory, there was a need to get the baby decked out in the coolest/hippest clothes. This is an example of ration choice theory. Even though rational choice was not to have a child, the lack of emotio n for the father and child caused the person to have a kid.Chapter 5 The Decent DaddyThe Decent Daddy is someone that is respected in the neighborhood and in the household. This person is a true man. He respects his wife and provides for his kids. The wellbeing for his family is his main priority. In the inner city of Philadelphia there are not many of these people. In the inner city it is all about the game and money, and less about the family. This chapter showed many examples of decent men in the inner city and all the men cared about their family more than the street life. I believe if there were more men like this in the inner city this would be a positive example of a social learning theory. In class we talked mostly about how it is a negativeaspect of sociology, but this is a circumstance that it can be a positive.Chapter 7 privy Turners tarradiddleThe whole entire time I was reading outhouse Turners story I was thinking is the author trying to make us intuitive observein g bad for this guy. I did not feel bad at all for John Turner because if he didnt bring that gun to bring in a dispute he wouldnt be in this situation. He got himself in this situation. From what the author said, John Turner was a big guy and more than probable could have defended himself without the need of a gun. John had many struggles after his day in court. He had a job, went to jail, started dealing drugs, found another job, and then lost the job. John wanted a life that was socially acceptable but his life in the streets altered those views. In class we learned about culture. It is the set of norms and values passed down from genesis to generation in society. The code of the street is like cancer. It the code is in their genes and gets passed down from generation to generation.Conclusion The renewal of a Role ModelRobert was very respected on the streets for his gang like mentality but got locked up in jail. In jail he learned that the hustle in the streets is not a good way of life. When he got out of jail, Robert started his own hotdog stand business. People on the streets recongnized that he was doing well in his life without committing criminal acts. The code of the streets is still in Roberts mind but he does not have to live by the code of the streets.My Honest opinion of the BookI feel like this book repeated itself way too much. I am a criminal judge major and have taken a gangs class and a lot of what I learned about in that class was in this book. The author could have saved 300 pages of paper by fairish writing the last sentence of the conclusion. Unless serious efforts are made to address this problem and the cycle is broke, attitudes on both sides will become increasingly hardened, and alienation and violence, which claim victims black and white, poor and affluent, will likely worsen.