Loves Executioner, by Irvin D. Yalom Essay -- Literary Analysis, Yalo

In the story, â€Å"Loves Executioner†, Yalom treats and old woman named â€Å"Thelma† that is overly obsessed with her a former therapist from ten years ago named Matthew. Yalom feeling though that he is drawn to the facets of her dilemma decides to do everything he can to empower Thelma move past the obsessions that had been wrecking havoc on her mental health. Although Thelma’s love obsession with her therapist, and her subjective experiences on life of what is preventing her from living in the present, Yalom attempts to treat a 70-year-old woman only to learn that being love executioner more complicated as he had anticipated. First and foremost are Yalom and Thelma’s first meeting. In beginning, Yalom is intrigued with her love obsession with Matthew and couldn’t understand why her former therapist that was considerably younger would even want to have sexual relations Thelma as he describes her as, â€Å"a shabby old woman† (Yalom, 2000). The possibly of helping her move past her obsession to ease her suffering, were the reasons why Yalom ultimately decides to treat her. I thought that though Yalom had good intentions from the start to treat her, I think that he was thrown off by her demands as she tells him right from the start, â€Å"Eight years ago I had a love affair with my therapist. Since then he has never left my mind. I almost killed myself once and I believe I will succeed the next time. You are my last hope.† (Yalom, 2000 p. 18) A person that has been seeing therapists for over twenty years and be stuck on an obsession for ten, I thought, was rather intimidating and I think that Yalom did the best he could to remain optimistic. If I had a patient like Thelma that told me that I was her last hope and if I could not help her she wi... ...ought that in some ways Yalom lost his patience, but he was on time constraints had more time to work with Thelma, therapy may have turned out different. This was defiantly one most confusing and intricate stories I have read in Yalom’s book and that the overall take home message I took from this was that, love and obsessions are hard to intellectualize and understand objectively as much as we would like to. Although what may be logically the best decision, love is not based on logic and that the only loves executioner cannot come from the suggestions of another person or therapist, but more from themselves and within. I think this quote states the story best, â€Å"Love and Psychotherapy are fundamentally incompatible. A good therapist fights darkness and seeks illumination, while romantic love is sustained by mystery and crumbles upon inspection† (Yalom, 2000 p. 17)

Understanding the Financial Statements

Submitted By:Salina Thapa Rana Magar (12077697)Sona Limbu (12078108)FINC20018 Managerial FinanceProfessor: Angelique McInnesCentral Queensland UniversityBrisbane Campus Term 1 201821st April 2018Table of ContentsQuestion No. 1: Understanding the Financial Statements (Chapter 3) Answer:Part 1:Financial Statement shows the total financial functioning of the firm. Any business entities can easily assume the financial status of the company by using the financial statement of the company. At the end of specific period, each business prepares Profit and Loss Account (Income Statement), Statement of Financial Position (Balance Sheet), Statement of Cash Flows (Cash flow statement) and Statement of Changes in Equity. Cash flow statement is one of the major financial statement which records all the amount that a business is receiving from its business transactions as well as the amount that it disburses. The cash flow statement is prepared to find out how business is generating cash and how effectively they are utilizing their cash resources in productive sector. Cash flow statement if managed properly would help the firm to skip cash crisis in the business. As a result, business can assure the availability of cash to cover the due expenses. Cash flow statement depicts the position of economic status of the companyThe main objective of preparing cash flow is:To find out the sources and areas of cash incoming and cash outgoing respectively.To allocate the situation on which business might be in the position of cash insufficiency or cash surplus.Cash flow statement is prepared to predict future cash inflows or outflows. To deliver information regarding the capability of firm to pay its liabilities or taxes.To evaluate whether the firm is on the right track or not by measuring the overall financial records of the company at specific time.To deliver information for making capital budgeting decisions. To evaluate the overall performance of the firm by making comparison between their actual performance and future predictions of cash flow. Part 2Cash flow statement shows the mobility cash in three different areas of business activities: Operating activitiesFinancing activitiesInvesting activitiesCash flow statement provides the answer to the following questions:What are the primary sources of cash incoming?What are the basic operating activities of a firm to generate cash? How does the firm manage their extra funds if the business faces shortages?What are the main investment areas of business?What is the reason behind increase or decrease in cash flow?Part 3a) Calculation of Quality of Earnings RatioThe quality of earnings ratio for two firms i.e. Woodside Petroleum Ltd and Origin Energy for the latest three years is calculated as follows:Woodside Petroleum Ltd (WPL.AX)2017 2016 2015Quality of Earning Ratio = Cash flow from operationsNet Profit = 2,400,0001,024,000 = 2.3438 = 2,587,000868,000= 2.9804 = 2,475,00026,000 = 95. 1923Origin Energy (ORG.AX)2017 2016 2015Quality of Earning Ratio = Cash flow from operationsNet Profit = 1,289,000-2,226,000 = – 0.5791 = 1,404,000-628,000= – 2.2357 = 1,833,000-658,000 = -2.7857b)c) Capital Acquisition RatioThe capital acquisition ratio for both firms i.e. Woodside Petroleum Ltd and Origin Energy for the latest three years is calculated in the following tables:Woodside Petroleum Ltd (WPL.AX)2017 2016 2015 Cash Acquisition Ratio= Cash flow from operationsCash paid forcapital expenditure= 2,400,0001,390,000 = 1.7266 = 2,587,0001,860,000= 1.3909 = 2,475,0001,819,000 = 1.3606Origin Energy (ORG.AX)2017 2016 2015Cash AcquisitionRatio= Cash flow from operationsCash paid forcapital expenditure = 1,289,000-419,000 = – 3.0764 = 1,404,000-572,000= – 2.4545 = 1,833,000-1,484,000 = -1.2352 d)After comparing Woodside Petroleum Ltd and Origin Energy's ability to utilize the operating cash flow to finance their capital expenditure, we came to the conclusion that †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.Question No. 2: The Income Statement (Chapter 3)Answer: a.CQU Oil LimitedIncome StatementFor the year ended†¦.Sales $ 2,500,000Cost of Goods Sold (700,000)Gross Profit 1,800,000Operating Expenses Cash Operating Expenses 150,000 Depreciation Expenses 150,000 Total Operating Expenses (300,000)Operating Profit 1,500,000Interest Expenses (200,000)Profit Before Tax 1300,000Tax (390,000)Net Profit 910,000b. From the above income statement, we can see that CQU Oil's taxable Income and Tax Payable for the year are $ 1300,000 and $ 390,000 respectively. d.Question No. 3: Financial Analysis (Chapter 4)Calculation of Financial RatiosThe financial ratios for both firms i.e. West farmers Ltd and Woolworths Ltd for the most recent year i.e. 2017 are calculated as follows:West farmers Ltd (WES) Woolworths Ltd (WOW)1. Liquidity RatioCurrent Ratio = Current AssetsCurrent Liabilities = 9667 / 10417 = 0.928002303 = 0.9280 times Current Ratio = Current AssetsCurrent Liabilities. = 6994.2 / 15921.6 = 0.43929 = 0.4393 timesQuick Ratio= Current Assets –InventoryCurrent Liabilities = (9667 -6530) / 10417 = 3137 / 10417 = 0.3012 times Quick Ratio= Current Assets –InventoryCurrent Liabilities = (6994.2 – 4080.4) / 15921.6 = 2913.80 / 15921.6 = 0.1830 timesInventory Ratio=Cost of Goods SoldInventoryInventory Ratio=Cost of Goods SoldInventory = 39739.7 / 4080.4 = 9.7392 times2. Capital Structure RatioDebt Ratio = Total LiabilitiesTotal Assets = 16174 / 40115 = 0.4032 = 40.32% Debt Ratio = Total LiabilitiesTotal Assets= 13039.7 / 22915.8 = 0.5690= 56.90%Interest Coverage Ratio =EBITInterest Expense = 4402 / 213 = 20.6667 Interest Coverage Ratio =EBITInterest Expense3. Asset Management Efficiency RatioTotal Asset Turnover =SalesTotal Assets = 68444 / 40115 = 1.7062 times Total Asset Turnover =SalesTotal Assets= 55475 / 22915.8 = 2.4208 timesFixed AssetTurnover=SalesNet Property, plan & Equipment = 68444 / 9440 = 7.2504 times Fixed AssetTurnover=SalesNet Property, plan & Equipment = 55475 / 8437.5 = 6.5748 times4. Probability RatioGross Profit Margin= Gross ProfitSales= Gross Profit Margin= Gross ProfitSales = 15928.9 / 55475 = 0.2871 = 28.71%Operating Profit Margin =EBITSales = 4402 / 68444 = 0.0643 = 6.4315% Operating Profit Margin =EBITSales = 2326 / 55475 = 0.0419 = 4.19 %Net Profit Margin=Net ProfitSales = 2873 / 68444 = 0.04197 = 4.1976% Net Profit Margin=Net ProfitSales = 1482 / 55475 = 0.0267 = 2.67%Return on Assets=Operating Profit or EBITTotal Assets = 4402 / 40115 = 0.1097 = 10.97% Return on Assets=Operating Profit or EBITTotal Assets = 2326 / 22915. 8 = 0.1015 = 10.15%Evaluation of Relative Performance of Two Firms in terms of:Liquidity West farmers Ltd (WES) Woolworths Ltd (WOW)Current Ratio 0.9280 times 0.4393 timesQuick Ratio 0.3012 times 0.1830 timesInventory Ratio 9.7392 timesLiquidity Ratio shows the financial status of the company. From the above calculation, we can interpret that West Farmers Limited is more liquid than Woolworths based on its Current Ratio and Quick Ratio. West Farmers had $0.9280 current assets and $0.3012 cash and accounts receivable for every $1 of current liabilities. Whereas Woolworths had $0.1830 current assets and $0.1830 cash and account receivable to pay $1 current liabilities.ii) Asset Management EfficiencyWest farmers Ltd (WES) Woolworths Ltd (WOW)Total Asset Turnover 1.7062 times 2.4208 timesFixed Asset Turnover 7.2504 times 6.5748 timesiii) Financing Practices (Capital Structure)West farmers Ltd (WES) Woolworths Ltd (WOW)Debt Ratio 40.32% 56.90%Interest Coverage Ratio 20.6667 iv) ProfitabilityWest farmers Ltd (WES) Woolworths Ltd (WOW)Gross Profit Margin 28.71%Operating Profit Margin 6.4315% 4.19%Net Profit Margin 4.1976% 2.67%Return on Assets 10.97% 10.15%†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Calculation of Current Price-Earnings Ratio and Market-to-book Ratio:West farmers Ltd (WES) Woolworths Ltd (WOW)Market Value RatiosPrice Earnings Ratio = Market Price Per ShareEarnings Per SharePrice Earnings Ratio = Market Price Per ShareEarnings Per ShareMarket to Book Ratio =Market Price Per ShareBook Value Per ShareMarket to Book Ratio =Market Price Per ShareBook Value Per ShareQuestion no. 4: Time Value of Money (Chapter 5)Solution:Present Value (PV) =$20,000 Time (n) = 40 yearsInterest Rate (i) = 10 % per annum = 0.10 Future Value (FV)=?Timeline i=10% p.a FV=? 0 1 2 3†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ n= 40 years PV=$20,000FV= PV (1+i)n = 20,000(1+0.10)40 = 20,000Ãâ€"45.25925557 = $ 905,185.1114From the above calculation, Emily's investment from her retirement plan will grow to $905,185.1114 after 40 years at 12% annual interest. b)Timeline i=6% p.a FV=$14,000 0 1 2 n= 3 years PMT=?Deposit on Car (PV)= $14,000No of years (n) = 3 years Annual Interest (i)= 6% =0.06Annuity Payment (PMT)=?We have,FV = PMT (1+i)n-1i14000 = PMT 1+0.06)3-10.06 PMT = 140003.1836PMT = $ 4397.5374To cover the cost of deposit on a new car, Emily needs to keep aside $4397.5374 from her bonus this year. Now, If Annual Interest on Saving (i)=10%=0.10PMT=?FVn = PMT (1+i)n-1i14000 = PMT1+0.10)3-10.10PMT = 140003.31PMT = $4229.6073If the annual rate of interest grows to 10%, then the amount of payment will decrease to $4229.6073.c)At the age 60 years, value of Trust Fund (FV)=?Time (n) = 60-30=30 yearsInterest rate =7%= 0.07Timeline i=7% p.a FV=? 0 1 2 3†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ n= 30 years PV=$50,000 FV = PV ((1+i)n = 50,000 (1+0.07)30 = 50,000 Ãâ€"7.612255043 = $ 380,612.7521When Emily turn 60 years, the value of her trust fund will grow to $380,612.7521 at the rateOf 7% government bond. d)Compounding and discounting have inverse relationship. Compounding method is the way of calculating the future value of money with the given current value of investment at certain compound rate. Whereas Discounting method is used to find out the Present Value of future cash flow using discounting rate. Mathematically,In Compounding Method,Future valuein year nFVn= Present Value(PV) Ãâ€"1+ Annual interest rate (i)number of years nIn Discounting Method,Present ValuePV = Future Value in year nFVn 11+ Annual Interest Rate (i)Number of years (n)e)Question no 5: Risk and Return (Chapter 7)a.Given:Share A Share BProbability Return Probability Return0.3 11% 0.2 -5%0.4 15% 0.3 6%0.3 19% 0.3 14%0.2 22% For Share AExpected rateof returnE(r)=rate of return 1 r1Ãâ€"probabilityof return 1Pr(r1)+rate of return 2 r2Ãâ€"probabilityof return 2Pr(r2) +rate of return 3r3Ãâ€"probabilityof return 3Prr3)= 0.3 Ãâ€" 0.11 + 0.4 Ãâ€" 0.15 + 0.3 Ãâ€"0.19= 0.033 + 0.06 + 0.057= 0.15= 15%Variance in rate of return?2 = rate of return 1 r1-expected rate of returnEr2Ãâ€"probabilityof return 1Pr(r1) + rate of return 1 r1-expected rate of returnEr2Ãâ€"probabilityof return 1Pr(r1) + rate of return 3r3-expected rate of returnE(r)2Ãâ€"probabilityof return 3Pr(r3) = [(0.11 – 0.15)2 Ãâ€" 0.3] + [(0.15 – 0.15)2 Ãâ€" 0.4] + [(0.19 – 0.15)2 Ãâ€" 0.3] = 0.00048 + 0 + 0.00048 = 0.00096 Standard Deviation = Variance =0.00096 = 0.030983867 = 3.0984%For Share BExpected rateof returnE(r)=rate of return 1 r1Ãâ€"probabilityof return 1Pr(r1)+rate of return 2 r2Ãâ€"probabilityof return 2Pr(r2) +rate of return 3r3Ãâ€"probabilityof return 3Prr3)+rate of return 4r4Ãâ€"probabilityof return 4Pr(r4)= 0.2 Ãâ€" (-0.05) + 0.3 Ãâ€" 0.06 + 0.3 Ãâ€"0.14 + 0.2 Ãâ€" 0.22= (-0.01) + 0.018 + 0.042 + 0.044= 0.094= 9.4% Now, Variance in rate of return?2 = rate of return 1 r1-expected rate of returnEr2Ãâ€"probabilityof return 1Pr(r1) + rate of return 1 r1-expected rate of returnEr2Ãâ€"probabilityof return 1Pr(r1) + rate of return 3r3-expected rate of returnE(r)2Ãâ€"probabilityof return 3Pr(r3) + rate of return 4r4-expected rate of returnE(r)2Ãâ€"probabilityof return 4Prr4) = [(-0.05 – 0.094)2 Ãâ€" 0.2] + [(0.06 – 0.094)2 Ãâ€" 0.3] + [(0.14 – 0.094)2 Ãâ€" 0.3] + [(0.22 – 0.094)2 Ãâ€" 0.3] = 0.0041472 + 0.0003468 + 0.0006348 + 0.0031752 = 0.008304Standard Deviation = Variance = 0.008304 = 0.091126286 = 9.1126% b)Shareholders or investors of the company always assume to gain certain profit from the investment they made on their business. Such expectation is referred to as Expected Rate of Return. Whereas Realized Rate of Return is the actual amount of profit or loss that that face from their investment in certain duration of time. c) d. Question No 6: Risk and Return (Chapter 8)Answer:Part 1Systematic Risk and Unsystematic RiskSystematic risk refers to those risks that are associated with the overall market or industry (Vasigh, Fleming ; Mackay, 2010) and cannot be diversified away while unsystematic risk refers to those risk that are associated with the single investment or small class of investment and can be diversified away (Swedroe ; Hempen, 2007). Investment beta is the measure of change in investments' return to the change in return of the market portfolio. Johnson (2014) also stated that investment's beta measures the volatility of share relative to volatility of market. Thus, investment's beta helps to measure the systematic risk of an investment. Therefore, it is very useful in the investment decision. For example: if we want to know the systematic risk of particular investments, we can calculate beta and know the volatility and go for that investments with low volatility. In terms of unsystematic risk, it is calculated by deducting the beta scaled by the market volatility from the volatility of the single stock. Part 2Beta of a Portfolio and Betas of the Individual Investments in the PortfolioPart 3Security Market LineSecurity market line is the graphical representation of Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) i.e. the straight line relationship between expected return and betas that also explains the market price of risk in capital market (Khan, 2004). Return (%)Security Market Liners =rf+rm-rf?rfRisk Beta (?)Figure. Security Market Line. Adapted from â€Å"Investments: An Introduction† by H. B. Mayo, 2013, Boston: Cengage Learning. From the above graph, we can see that risk beta is at the x-axis and expected return on the y-axis. The slope of the security market line is represented by market risk premium which is the difference between expected rate of return on the market portfolio and the risk free rate (i.e.Erm-rf) while the y-intercept of this line represents the risk free interest rate i.e. rf . Part 4Capital Asset Pricing ModelCapital asset pricing model (CAPM) refers to the model that explains the relationship with expected return and the systematic risk of an investment. In a simple word, CAPM is that model which estimates the expected return for any risky assets. According to Mellen (2018), this model helps the business analyst and investor evaluate a suitable rate of return for an investment by giving the general economic, industry and firm's conditions. CAPM helps to inform the investment decision by first of all measuring the fairest price for an investment on the basis of risk, potential return and other factors and then comparing this fair price with the market price.Therefore, this is how the CAPM can be used to inform the investment decision. ReferenceJohnson, R. S. (2014). Equity Markets and Portfolio Analysis. New York: John Wiley ; Sons, Inc.Khan, M. Y., ;Jain, P. K. (2004). Financial Management: Text, Problems and Cases. New Delhi: Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Company Limited.Mayo, H. B. (2013). Investments: An Introduction. Boston: Cengage Learning.Mellen, C. M. (2018). Valuation for M ; A: Building and Measuring Private Company Value. New York: John Wiley ; Sons, Inc.Swedroe, L. E., ;Hempen, J. H. (2007). The only guide to a winning bond strategy you'll ever need: The way smart money preserves wealth today. New York: St. Martin's PressVasigh, B., Fleming, K., ;Mackay, L. (2010). Foundation of Airline Finance: Methodology and Practice. Farnham: Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. Reference

Problems Pupils Have In Reading Aloud - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 11 Words: 3306 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? This assignment is my guide to the final step of my dissertation. In this assignment, I will discuss in details about what I will do for my dissertation. First, I will discuss my topic and why I have chosen, it and I will indicate my research questions and sub-questions. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Problems Pupils Have In Reading Aloud" essay for you Create order Next, I will identify key areas I need to read about and I will summarize 11 books and articles that give useful theoretical background for my research. The topics I am interested include define reading, then the process, models, methods of teaching reading, strategies readers use and the miscue analysis in relation to reading strategies. This second section will help me build the literature review for my dissertation. Finally, I will describe my research procedure and research methods I am going to use. Section one: My topic and why I chose it My topic is about problems my pupils have in reading aloud and find ways of improving my pupilsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ reading aloud. I have chosen this topic because in my experience as a teacher I faced and taught different kinds of pupils from different levels, I have found that most of them have problems in reading, particularly reading aloud. Some of them are good in reading aloud but have many do substitute other words, have omission of words or letter-sounds while reading. This could be due to lack of sight vocabulary, lack of phonic skills, lack of strategies for reading. Some of them canà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t produce a single word. I discovered that pupils were learning nothing if they could not read aloud. My pupils who cannot read aloud have general difficulty in decode any reading text successfully. I believe my research is important because reading aloud is very important for my pupils in grade 9, which is closer to the final school leaving examinations in grade 12. I hope it may able me and my colleges to find the diagnoses to help the participants and in future to help all my pupils with their reading problems . In my research I wil try to analyze and describe their miscues in reading aloud according to their levels good, average and week. That time I couldnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t do any thing about it because I didnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t have the experience to help them. After I joined the B.A course and studied EDUC 2031 TEYL, EDUC2033 Initial Literacy, EDUC2028 Language learning from these modules I realized the nature of young learners how do they learn, how do they acquire new language and how to teach reading to young learners. As I understood the older ways of teaching reading focused on letters and words and how to say them, all language books are concerning on that view only. The new researches showed a different view which rely on development of all language skills so, because reading in a second language is seen as a thinking exercise thatà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s not only concerned on reading words, sentences and pages only but it is on developing language as a whole. Reading is the main reason to build the personality of a person as I mentioned before and it is the main thing that teaching and learning stands on because it is a communication way between the learner and the academic culture in the schools . I would like my pupils to be able to use reading for study, for pleasure , to understand and to interact with what they learning. My pupils are in grade 9 of general education school at the age of 14 years old with different ability levels. They have been studying English for five years only using à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Our World Through Englishà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. They started leaning English from grade 4. In addition, they are similar in many things such as pupils environment, strengths and weakness areas they have. I decided to do research for my dissertation where I will focus on finding the difficulties my pupils face in reading aloud and helping me find ways to improve my pupils in reading aloud. Although my research will focus on reading aloud, from my experience a pupil cannot read aloud well, he can have little or no comprehension when he read silently. My research question is: How can I develop the reading aloud abilities of my grade nine pupils?. My sub-questions will be: What miscues my good pupils and weak pupils make when reading aloud? Based on my miscue analysis, what reading strategies do my good pupils and my weak pupils use when reading aloud? What reading strategies can I encourage my pupils to develop to improve their reading? In my research the subjects will be six pupils from 2 of them are good , the other 2 are average and the last 2 are weak pupils) (785 words) Section 2 Summaries of relevant literature The key areas I will need to read about for my research are: reading process models of reading Methods of teaching reading. reading strategies miscue analysis How miscue analysis can be used to identify the reading strategies that pupils use and the errors they make. In this section I discuss 11 books / articles that I want to use for my dissertation because they will help me to develop my understanding of issues related to my research. The aspects that are relevant to my study are summarized below. Urquhart and Weir(1998) Urquhart and Weir discuss three models of reading and I will state them here : Bottom up approach. They say this analyses begin with the stimulus, i.e. the text, or bits of the text. They say that in Goughà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s (1972) model, the reader begins with letters, which are recognized by a scanner. The information thus gained is passed to decoder, which converts the string of letters into a string of systematic phonemes, then word, then sentence then text. So à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“bottom-up models are sequential in that one stage is completed before another is begunà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. Top-down approaches. Since bottom-up models starts with the smallest text unit, either letters or letter features, we could expect, then, that top-down models begin with the largest unit, the whole text. According to Urquhart and Weir for top-down model of reading, readers first use their background knowledge to help them make a sense from the text. So for top-down approaches background knowledge is very important. Interactive approach. In interactive models (Urquhart and Weir refer to Rumelhart, 1977), there is no regular sequence from top to bottom or from bottom up. They quote Stanovich à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“the best known proponent of interactive modelsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?, that in interactive models a pattern is synthesized based on information provided simultaneously from several sourceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (1980:35). So in interactive approaches reader uses both small text units and background knowledge to make sense out of a text at the same time. Urquhart and Weir describes reading strategies to be a conscious response to difficulties in the text while reading action selected deliberately to achieve goals (Is this a Quotation?). Aebersold and Field (1997) Aebersold and Field also have sections on models of reading (bottom up , top down and interactive). They also focus on the readerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s experience in learning how to read and the ways reading fits into their lives. They give five common influential sources for information that affect reading development, particularly family, the community and the school influence. They mention that despite relatively small size, a family can foster a variety of experience that affects a childà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s reading development. They say that the community influence provides readers with a set of varied life experiences that also shape their individual knowledge. Thirdly the school can bring children into contact with communities other than their own or they can be homogeneous institution that reflect shared values. This is interesting because in Oman children learn English without much support from the family or the community and school does not bring child in contact to many other c ommunities. Riley (1996) This article has a section on models of reading (bottom up , top down and interactive). The author discusses how schema theory describes the process by which readers combine their own background knowledge with the information in a text to help them comprehend that text. All readers carry different schemata (background information) and these are also often culture-specific. This is an important concept in ESL teaching, and many books have pre-reading tasks that are designed to build or activate the learners schemata. The author also highlights some of the limitations of the use of the schema-theory approach and points out the importance both of developing the learners vocabulary and of encouraging extensive reading. (This sounds as if it is copied. Beware plagiarism, Saif.) Wray and Medwell (1991) This article focuses on reading process , models of reading and approaches to teaching reading. In reading process, they mentioned that reading is a highly complicated process, and there are a number of insights and concepts that the successful reader must develop. In models of reading, they discuss bottom-up models, top-down models, and interactive models and they strongly criticize the bottom up model. They also have a section on teaching reading approaches look and say, phonic methods of teaching reading and language experience approach. I discuss these under Graton and Spratt (1998) below. Graton and Pratt (1998) This book have useful sections on methods of teaching reading (whole word , phonics , language experience ) the methods teachers can use to teach pupils how to read. Most teachers use these methods to help their student in reading , sometimes they chooses one of these methods but some teachers work on two or more because they think each method is completed by the other. The phonic method as widely used from the language teachers to teach reading and writing in the English for second language learners. It is relies on children being taught the alphabet first. Then they learn to pronounce the sounds of the letters . However it is difficult to depend only to phonics because English is not a regular spelling language. The second method is look and say or whole word method. Here pupils learn to recognize whole words or sentences rather than individual sounds. The pupils will look at a word which the teacher sound, often with a picture, and in turns will repeat the word. The problem is that it does not teach children to work out new words for themselves. The context support method can be used when the pupils are just learning to read and it is important to choose exercises or activities that really interest them. If the pupils like cars, choose an activity or exercises with pictures and simple words about cars. This will keep their interest and they will enjoy learning with the teach. Oà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢Malley and Valdez Pierce (2001) Oà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢Malley and Valdez Pierce give a useful part about miscue analysis (p 124-5). They say it involves listening to a student reading aloud and recording the miscues. In types of miscues, they mention repetitions, substitutions, insertions, omissions and self-corrections. They also recommend the teacher must get the student to answer reading comprehension questions. They say miscue analysis can provide information about (1) the readersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ ability to use language and the reading process (2) it can be used for assessing reading, the readerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s approaches to reading and reading comprehension (3) information for revising approaches to teaching reading, how it can be used by teachers effectively to improve their learners reading. This book has useful lists of reading strategies (p 121-123) and suggest how miscue analysis can be used to identify reading strategies readers are using. The authors talk about reading in the native language then reading in second language, which I am interested in. The writers said that learners who do have native language literacy skills might not know how to transfer their skills to the second language without specific strategy instruction. Carter and Nunan (Eds.) (2001) Carter and Nunan (Eds) (2001) define reading strategies as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Ways of accessing text meaning which are employed flexibly and selectively in the course of reading. In teaching, attention is paid to the manner in which the reader is able to draw effectively on existing linguistic and background knowledgeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. They list the good reading strategies that learners use to help them read in a very efficient way, to get maximum benefit from their reading with minimum effort. These include drawing inferences, predicting and using information in the text such as pictures. They also discuss miscue analysis in relation to reading strategies: As they say, miscue analysis refers to à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“the study of the text alterations conducted by the subject while the pupil reads the text and would be very impossible without reading aloudà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. Carter and Nunan (Eds) (2001) assert that for early readers miscue analysis can be used by teachers to assess the quality and quantity of learnerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s errors in their processing of text. First, this is especially useful for L2 learners à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“who because of their interlanguage system may show systemic syntactic and phonological departures from Standard Englishà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. In addition, they argue that miscues will be based on learnersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ current interlanguage rather than because of misunderstanding the text. Wallace (2001) p26 in Carter and Nunan (2001) Wallace discusses miscue analysis and she focuses on how miscue analysis can be used for early readers to assess the quality and the quantity of learnersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ errors. Beard (1987) Beard has a section on miscue analysis and methods of teaching reading (whole word , phonics , language experience). The author focuses on miscue analysis and gives some models of how to use miscue analysis to develop pupilsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ reading and how à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“miscue analysis can fulfill an important diagnostic function of a kind not readily offered by other more established means of reading assessment.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? Cameron (2001) The author has sections on reading strategies , models of reading (bottom up , top down and interactive) , methods of teaching reading(whole word , phonics , language experience ) and discusses how miscues can help the teacher identify the reading strategies a reader is using . The author gives an example from her experience of reading with a little Malaysian girl. The author mentioned that she had introduced her to the strategies such as: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“With the word à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"barà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, I pointed to the first letter , the sound of which she knew, and then she managed to sound out the wordà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“With the word à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"ratherà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ I just told her the word and did not spend any time on it , because it was not crucial to the meaning of the story and is not a particularly useful word to learn at her stageà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. With the word à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"mealsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ I told her the word and then explained the meaning as the story progressed and the heroine moved from break fast to tea.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“When she came to à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"watching TVà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ she said à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"washingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ . From this miscue I could see that she was making a good attempt at the word and had noticed the initial consonant and the final rime.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? www.mindtools.com/pages/articals/ According to www.mindtools.com/pages/articals/ miscue analysis refers to the study of text alterations made by the subject while s/he reads the text aloud. They summarise the research of Clay, Goodman and Weber (Davies 1995, p13) and they give a useful list of types of miscues. They say that the alterations often made by a reader are: Substitution (another word is pronounced instead of the printed word) Self-correction (the reader realizes his/her mistake and corrects by him/herself.) Repetition (the printed word is repeated orally) Omission (a word is missed from the text) Insertion (a word not in the text is added by the reader) Reversal (the word order gets changed or inverted) Hesitation (the reader pauses or makes a sound indicating hesitation) A long pause. The article also relates the miscues to approaches. It says that if a reader shows more hesitations, long pauses and self-correction, this shows a bottom up approach with the reader giving most attention to pronouncing the printed words. If a reader shows more miscues such as omission, insertion, reversal and substitution, this shows a more top-down approach where the reader is paying attention to the meaning of the whole text, not reading word by word. (Check this is not plagiarized. Can you give authors?) (1,910 words) How I will investigate my research question As discussed above, my research question will be à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“How can I develop the reading aloud abilities of my grade nine pupils ? à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“ My Approach: For my approach and method, I read Blaxter, Hughes, Tight, (2000), Cohen, Manion, Morrison (2000), Nunan (1992). For my research approach, I will use an action research approach enabling me to investigate my own pupils over a period. Action research grows from the idea that a good teacher is one who reflects on what happens in the classroom à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" possibly with a view to changing it. (EDUC3079 session3). My Method For my research I will plan to use miscue analysis and interviews. The miscue analysis will provide quantitative data and the interviews will provide qualitative data. I will select a text from the course book which is not familiar to my pupils , I will let them each to read aloud this text , I will record them while reading , then I will use miscue analyses to help me analyse their mistakes. Finally I will interview each pupil, I will ask questions to to assess their comprehension of the text, to get them to tel me what strategies they used to work out the meanings of some words and to try to find out why they failed to read certain words correctly. The research Procedure My research will include an unknown reading text from the OWTE course book that the six pupils will read it in order to have effective and organized results for my research question. This text from the course book OWTE that I think will be not familiar for the pupils because I gave it to them for the first time (See the appendix). First I will use pre-reading questions to prepare each pupil for the reading. Pre-reading is a way of sampling where the students are familiar to the content that you are going to give them. It is a useful strategy for beginning with a class, especially when classes contain students with mixed abilities coming from a diversity of backgrounds. Then each pupil will read the text and I record it. Then I will note down all the miscues. Finally I will interview them to examine their understanding, to assess their comprehension of the text, to get them to tel me what strategies they used to work out the meanings of some words and to try to find out why they faile d to read certain words correctly. My Expectations: I expect some problems, and here I discuss how I will overcome them: Miscue analysis, I cannot assume that any two pupils will have the same miscues. In addition, anxiety may cause artificial results. To overcome these problems, I will choose six pupils from different levels. I will try to get them relaxed, so I will tell them about the reason for my research, and I will do the recording in a quiet place, so we are undisturbed. Pupils may feel boring from doing reading every time, so I must prepare a good situation for them to feel comfortable. The main problem I think it is the time. These kinds of studies should not used in a short period because the researcher need to try many ways to investigate his pupils and his study in order to collect a valid, reliable data. Conclusion: The EDUC 3079 helped me a lot on finding solutions for many problems that I will face in future in my life as a teacher to help my pupils to reach the successes in their life as students. I learned how to read a lot and how to use the linguistics theories to help my pupils and to learn and discover the problems. The use of miscue analysis is a very useful way to solve pupils weaknesses in reading because it is allows me to focus on the problem it self , and how to deal with each problem individually.

Summary report of Sweat by Zora Neale Hurston - 1597 Words

Summary Report: Sweat Vital Statistics Author: Zora Neale Hurston Title: Sweat Published date: 1926 Main Characters Delia: A hard working, washerwoman and wife that is abused by her husband. She is portrayed as the protagonist. Sykes: A lazy, stay-at-home husband who is abusive to his wife and has a mistress name Bertha. He is portrayed as the antagonist. Point of View The story is written in a third person omniscient point of view. Setting of Action The story took place in a small town in central Florida near Orlando. The events took place in the spring and snakes are known to be prevalent in the area during that time. Plot Summary Sweat tells a short story about a black, washerwoman, Delia that lives in Florida†¦show more content†¦You know it would skeer me--looks just like a snake, an you knows how skeered Ah is of snakes. The characters’ personalities shown through so rapidly that it helped show us how their relationship was developing. Hurston also had long passages of narration mixed in with dialogues that made a relationship based on pain. For instance, â€Å"She lay awake, gazing upon the debris that cluttered their matrimonial trail. Not an image left standing along the way. Anything like flowers had long ago been drowned in the salty stream that had been pressed from her heart. Her tears, her sweat, her blood.† Once again, the choice of narrator makes the story much more believable and Delia’s situation more extreme which is why it created the sympathetic tone to this story. A combination of what Delia feels and what Sykes does to her leads the reader to fee l sympathetically towards her. For example, this happens here with Bertha, the mistress, Too late now to hope for love, even if it were not Bertha it would be someone else. The things that happens to Delia seems truthful and relatable in real life which makes readers react a certain way to the story. Lastly, the multiple-perspective approach caught my eyes because Hurston did not just tell the story from Delia and Sykes’ perspectives, but also the townspeople’s perspectives to further show us their

The Role of Gender in A Dollhouse Essay - 1150 Words

â€Å"A Dollhouse† In â€Å"A Doll’s House,† women lead a difficult life. They live on restrictions in society, as well as in their home. â€Å"The play depicts the father not only as absent but also as morally polluted† (Rosefeldt). Men are seen as a higher being than women. However, women seem to take on more sacrifices than men. Throughout the play, it expresses the misery of women or mothers and their disadvantages in society. Mrs. Linde went through a horrible past. We truly do feel sympathy for her when she says, â€Å"My Mother was alive then, and was bedridden and helpless, and I had to provide for my two younger brothers; so I did not think I was justified in refusing his offer† (Ibson). â€Å"Mrs. Linde, Noras friend, is the victim of an absent†¦show more content†¦Nora was just the toy in their marriage. Nora was just like the Christmas tree, an ornament that charmed others. She must always be on watch with her behavior, as it could ruin Torvaldâ€⠄¢s image. When Torvald becomes sick, Nora paid it. However it was just a loan and now she must pay the money back. Nora must keep it a secret though because if Torvald finds out about it, he would be infuriated. It would ruin their marriage and drastically destroy it. Torvald cannot accept the fact that his wife, a woman, helped him. Furthermore, it is illegal for a wife to obtain a loan without the consent of her husband. This shows the power of Torvald over Nora or the power of men over women. In the end their marriage or bond was broken. . However, it was ironic in the end as the lies, that Nora created, did destroy their marriage but not in the way we would expect. Torvald did think about ending it but when he saw that the signature that Nora forged was handed back to them, Torvald calmed down. â€Å"His behavior makes Nora realize that, in their eight years of marriage, he has never looked on her as a human being but only as a doll, and she leaves him in order to learn to bec ome a person in her own right† (Doll’s House). Nora finally severed all ties with him. Throughout the time, Nora’s definition and understanding of freedom has evolved. She considered freedom as something like a duty. In the first act,Show MoreRelatedThe, Death Of A Salesman909 Words   |  4 Pagesbecame more valuable than the strength of the body; causing the hunter and gatherer mentality to collapse, which leads to both genders to work side by side. Both genders are able to perform each other s task creating a more economically efficient society. Maintaining traditional gender roles in a modern society is detrimental to both genders. 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Concept Of Entrepreneurship All Across World †Free Samples

Question: Discuss About The Concept Of Entrepreneurship All Across World? Answer: Introduction The concept of entrepreneurship all across the world is taken as the important assets that every country must cultivate, motivate and also reward it well so that it can achieve the highest level possible. It is often changed the way in which people work as well as lead their lives. In case of success, the level of innovation along with creativity can increase the standard of living for the people (Silverthorne, 2017). It also means that apart from developing wealth from different venture options for entrepreneurship, it is also important to create employment options and the situations for the country and society to prosperous. Definition of entrepreneurship The concept or the idea of entrepreneurship can be defined as a person who initiate, organize as well as manage any establishments in the form of organization which is also surrounded by considerable amount of risks and initiatives (Ismail et al., 2016). It can be small establishment as well as big business with big risks and rewards as well. The overall concept depends on perceiving new opportunities in business and them usually shows a positive kind of biases in different perceptions. It is also amalgamated with a risk taking approach that can make them more options or alternatives as opportunities (Remund et al., 2017). Entrepreneurs should also control several commercial based undertaking with directions for different factors of production along with human, financial and material based resources that are needed for exploiting the business opportunities. (Borisseko Boschma, 2017). An entrepreneur has to take over different positions like manager as well as they also oversees the launch and development associated with enterprise. In other words, it is a process which can help people or a team to recognize a business opportunity and get as well as deploy the importance of resources needed for proper exploitation. It further may also include: - Development of plan for business Recruiting or hiring the right kind of human resources Getting material and financial resources Providing right kind of leadership Acting more responsible for the success of the venture as well as failure (Kapinga and Montero, 2017) Matter of risk aversion Origin of Entrepreneurship The word entrepreneur is taken from a French word. This word first used in the year 1723 and in the todays world it implies as the qualities based on initiative, leadership as well as innovation in new kind of venture based designs. According to number of authors, the term is associated with the concept of team building, ability of management and essential qualities for any entrepreneur to have (Borissenko Boschma, 2017). In historical term, the study of this concept goes back in late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries when the concept of classical economics also introduced. In 20th century, the concept was thoroughly studied by authors like Joseph Schumpeter and other types of economists like Ludwig von Mises and many more. The word entrepreneurship was introduced around the year 1920 (Alvarez et al., 2016). Mindset The clear defining of the activities that need to be processes. The protection and the management of the time. A proper planning of the day Outcome oriented Dealing with the different actual facts Living for providing a better value. Performance of the mind makeover. Entrepreneurship and the concept of business ventures For many years to come, advancement in technology will help in creating more and more kind of jobs in several respective industries all across the world. At the same time, the present technology industry can also become one of the most lucrative industries in terms opportunities for prospective or potential entrepreneurs like food and beverages. Such industry can expect a steady level of development next few years (Kirzner, 2015). It is important to understand here that technology is making several industries very appealing for many entrepreneurs and it is also crucial for any entrepreneur and their business career to do something that can help in generating returns at steady pace before actually moving on other projects. Market expansion The market obviously looks for the opportunities to expand in several industries and can be taken as one of the stepping stone towards several business operations. This is why, it become easier to develop the business in rapid manner and also expand the personal wealth of the entrepreneur. After the recession that hit the world economy in the year 2008, people in many developed countries like USA, is spending more and more money on forms like entertainment instead of taking high prices vacation or sports (Kuratko, 2016). The economies of several countries are still recovering, the trend however continues since the future looks bright for such ventures. The focus is developing in this niche market with affordable kind of entertainment (Coviello et al., 2017). The level of affordability will also result in business partners and leveraging the future because of stagnant prices of liquor and there will also be an interest which will help in setting the bar. Role of the entrepreneur As far as role of entrepreneur is concerned, the fist basic or on fundamental grounds, there is neoclassical form of theory that has no role for the entrepreneurs because the market is based on achieving the equilibrium in market which also means no profit. As per the Austrian theory, the concept is also based on driving profit in the market which further pushes the market towards the level of equilibrium (Schaper et al., 2014). Then there is role of discovery and as per neoclassical theory, it suggests that the overall decision and the results are not rightly corrected or modified. There is no kind of evolvement or level of improvement. It is important to understand here that incorrect or wrong decisions are further corrected by attentive kinds of entrepreneurs (Shiri, 2017). In addition, the entrepreneurs also help in stimulating the additional form of discovery with the help of profit based options presented when there is any mistake and this cycle further pushes the market towards achieving a level of equilibrium. (Coviello Tanev, 2017). However, the important fact is that it is never achieved because of the constant change. Franchises and entrepreneurship The business or organization has great opportunities of achieving success and to initiate the process, the marketing strategy consists of many potential ideas like franchises. There are so many competitors as well that create individual level of location for the strong customer based and the idea to expand the overall scale along with product for the business will help in accomplishing the success. The company will also help in setting up like a corporation and business that tends to identify the right strengths of every element tend to achieve success in right manner. Since there is also some kind of need to take final decisions within the companies, it is right for every founder to accomplish the same money for right kind of input as well as investment. In such cases, the struggle for the companies to move forward becomes long term plan (Storey, 2016). The first year of the organization is expected to struggle to achieve the target and the sales as expected since this is the time to make foundations and form deep roots. In order to establish business at large scale and in large city, it is expected to make moderate amount of profit given all right steps are taken in this direction. Importance of entrepreneurship The concept of entrepreneurship usually develops a set of options for the sake of employment and on initiating the business with the help of monetary assets, the owners or the entrepreneur needs to share the load of word in equal manner. It is also important to understand and employ right kind of people to work since over a period of time, the overall satisfaction with the investment will come when every element has been used and optimized in right manner. When the size or the scale of the business is huge, it becomes their ability to offer more employment opportunities for people. The concept of entrepreneurship also helps in boosting the growth of the economy and through properly creating the employment, people normally creates more wealth (Storey, 2016). In addition, the entrepreneurship and innovation in it tend to provide the product of high quality at the lowest possible rates. People therefore get to experience the best products and at the same time, saves a huge amount of mon ey. The strengths help in boosting the economy of the country. In addition, the concept of entrepreneurship also helps in strengthen the small scale businesses. These kinds of functions and activities normally offer right kind of strength to small businesses as well and as an outcome, the current niche market further flourishes to give some kind of strength for the national economy. This is why, the concept of entrepreneurship is an investment and it is also perceived as a paramount for the current economy of the world. (Drucker, 2014). Finally, entrepreneurship is crucial or important for the overall enhancement of the managerial level of capabilities. The large important of this concept is based on the fact it helps in the recognizing and developing the managerial capabilities of the entrepreneur. The study is also based on the issue that decides the option in comparison of the advantages and the overall cost involved with it and in the end based on the best option (Baum et al., 2014). The process also helps in honing or sharpening the talent or skills of taking right decisions. In addition, the owner or entrepreneurs also use all these skills to develop new set of products and advanced technologies, which can switch or replace the older options with high level of performance. The entrepreneurs can actually be taken as gamblers who have the skill to take risk and the chances of winning rise when he has the power and ability to use right skills. It is important to have some level of tolerance for taking right kind of risk that is important feature for the entrepreneurs. (Shiri, 2017). The risk taking ability can be taken as an activity even if the consequences are negative by nature. Establishing a business from scratch is risky business and especially when the money of people gets involved in it. There is time when there is a risk of convincing investors to come along with new venture or by also forming the team of entrepreneurs (Shepherd, 2015). Conclusion The concept and overall advantages of the concept of entrepreneurship cannot be underestimated. This is why, people must move from the mentality of forming category in the sectors of small business to a separate distinct entity. The concept of entrepreneurship is the foundation of achieving great form of businesses and for the current economy as a whole it is important to accomplish it in long run (Shepherd, 2015) Reference Alvarez, A,S., Audretsch, D and Link, N, A., 2016. Advancing Our Understanding of Theory in Entrepreneurship https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/sej.1216/full Baum, J.R., Frese, M. and Baron, R.A. eds., 2014.The psychology of entrepreneurship. Psychology Press. Borissenko, J. and Boschma, R., 2017.A critical review of entrepreneurial ecosystems research: towards a future research agenda(No. 2017/3). Lund University, CIRCLE-Center for Innovation, Research and Competences in the Learning Economy. Coviello, N. and Tanev, S., 2017. Initiating a New Research Phase in the Field of International Entrepreneurship: An Interview with Professor Nicole Coviello.Technology Innovation Management Review,7(5). Drucker, P., 2014.Innovation and entrepreneurship. Routledge. https://hbswk.hbs.edu/item/meet-the-oddball-entrepreneurs-who-invented-green-businesses Ismail, I., Husin, N., Rahim, N.A., Kamal, M.H.M. and Mat, R.C., 2016. Entrepreneurial success among single mothers: the role of motivation and passion.Procedia Economics and Finance,37, pp.121-128. Kapinga, F, A., and Montero, S, C., 2017. Exploring the socio-cultural challenges of food processing women entrepreneurs in IRINGA, TANZANIA and strategies used to tackle them https://journal-jger.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s40497-017-0076-0 Kirzner, I.M., 2015.Competition and entrepreneurship. University of Chicago press. Kuratko, D.F., 2016.Entrepreneurship: Theory, process, and practice. Cengage Learning. Remund, C, M., Peris-Ortiz, M., Gehrke,J,H., 2017. The Vitruvian Man of Leonardo da Vinci as a model of innovative entrepreneurship at the intersection of business, art and technology https://innovion-entrepreneurship.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s13731-017-0077-9 Schaper, M.T., Volery, T., Weber, P.C. and Gibson, B., 2014.Entrepreneurship and small business. Shepherd, D.A., 2015. Party On! A call for entrepreneurship research that is more interactive, activity based, cognitively hot, compassionate, and prosocial. Shiri, A.T., 2017. Business Models for Social Entrepreneurs. InEntrepreneurship: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications(pp. 536-548). IGI Global. Silverthorne, S., 2017. Meet the Oddball Entrepreneurs Who Invented Green Businesses Storey, D.J. ed., 2016.Entrepreneurship and new firm. Routledge.

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T-Rex and Roxy Music Essay As the hippie movement almost completely disappeared from the realm of popular culture, the next noticeable subculture in both music and fashion terms was that of glam-rock, with its main advocators being David Bowie and to a lesser extent T-Rex and Roxy Music. The glam rock subculture had a notable effect on gender issues at a time when gender was generally separated within music and indeed society itself. The wearing of normally feminine clothes and make-up by men shocked, outraged and confused many of the particularly conservative British public, particularly when Bowie appeared on the TV show Top of The Pops in his Ziggy Stardust persona dressed in what would be considered feminine attire. We will write a custom essay on T-Rex and Roxy Music specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now In the Teddy boy subculture, women had a particular role to play and had their separate uniform and separate role to fill within the everyday workings of that subculture. In society in general women were virtually separated from men and although womens rights and liberation had come a long way since the War, a situation still existed where a much greater number of women were confined to a role of maintaining the home and raising the family. The emergence of Bowie and other glam-rock acts had an immense impact on the normally static gender roles in both society and indeed within music itself. Bowies immense popularity in the early seventies under his Ziggy Stardust persona rose to the point where he achieved a legion of fans mimicking his distinct visual style. As the music became popular, so did the visual style which created a new sexually ambiguous image for those youngsters willing and brave enough to challenge the notoriously pedestrian stereotypes conventionally available to working class men and women.(3) The blurring of gender lines that Bowie and other glam-rock stars achieved did indeed cause outrage among the general public and sections of the media, which can be attributed to the fact that it was rare to see women and men as not having separate roles to play in both society and music itself. For Bowie to appear on Top of the Pops wearing lipstick seemed to rebel against the basic hegemonic values of a rather conservative Britain and the consequent popularity of this style can be seen as an instance where music has influenced fashion and created a subculture rather been a result of society itself. The late seventies gave rise to perhaps the most infamous of all subcultures in what became termed as the Punk era. The punk movement was essentially a very working class youth based movement with bands such as Stiff Little Fingers, The Clash and perhaps the most famous of all the punk bands, The Sex Pistols. Punk music generally rebelled against everything hegemonic value it could find, in both the music world and society itself. Towards thbe late seventies, progressive rock was the basis for mainstream music and the music itself was generally very complicated, consisted of long guitar solos and innovative instruments, was dominated by middle class musicians and was very concerned with being progressive. Punk, on the other hand, mostly consisted of working class bands with the music usually being described as primitive. As a more minimalist genre, punk rock eschewed the growing use of electronic instruments associated with progressive rock (4) and tended to stick to the formula of one drum and guitars. This basic line-up of punk bands was a sound best suited to expressing anger and frustration (5) and the sound of anger and frustration was clearly a message that punk seemed to express. The Sex Pistols were perhaps punks most popular band and tended to cause controversy from the very beginning of their careers. The title of their album Never Mind the Bollocks caused widespread anger amongst the conservative public, as did the very name of the band itself to the extent that they were banned from playing on Top Of the Pops. .ue109b4e0426f6f0e46372df6394a1083 , .ue109b4e0426f6f0e46372df6394a1083 .postImageUrl , .ue109b4e0426f6f0e46372df6394a1083 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ue109b4e0426f6f0e46372df6394a1083 , .ue109b4e0426f6f0e46372df6394a1083:hover , .ue109b4e0426f6f0e46372df6394a1083:visited , .ue109b4e0426f6f0e46372df6394a1083:active { border:0!important; } .ue109b4e0426f6f0e46372df6394a1083 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ue109b4e0426f6f0e46372df6394a1083 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ue109b4e0426f6f0e46372df6394a1083:active , .ue109b4e0426f6f0e46372df6394a1083:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ue109b4e0426f6f0e46372df6394a1083 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ue109b4e0426f6f0e46372df6394a1083 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ue109b4e0426f6f0e46372df6394a1083 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ue109b4e0426f6f0e46372df6394a1083 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ue109b4e0426f6f0e46372df6394a1083:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ue109b4e0426f6f0e46372df6394a1083 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ue109b4e0426f6f0e46372df6394a1083 .ue109b4e0426f6f0e46372df6394a1083-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ue109b4e0426f6f0e46372df6394a1083:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Power of One- Music and Boxing EssayYet while their named caused controversy, the content of their album caused even greater debate and anger amongst the general public, in particular the song entitled God Save The Queen. The song starts with the lyrics God save the Queen, our fascist regime and continues to protest against the monarchy throughout. To condemn the monarchy in such a manner caused outrage among the general public, who would generally hold the Queen and monarchy in high regard. Respect for the monarchy was a rather dominant value in the majority of society, hence why this song in particular caused so much controversy. The Sex Pistols were certainly not the only band who questions the hegemonic ideals of their society as the entire punk movement was founded on an act of rebellion against the society they live in. Stiff Little Fingers were a band that came from Northern Ireland, at a time when the troubles in the province were at its peak. The song Alternative Ulster spoke out against the situations and problems that existed in the province between the two sides and called for an alternative to be built. Other songs spoke out against the different paramilitary organisations and divisions within the society while the album Inflammable Material is credited as the first completely independently recorded and produced album to achieve such success. The band clearly spoke out against the hegemonic values of its particular society while the fact that they were independently produced gave them credit amongst the punk subculture that tended to rebel against the music industry in general. The distinguishing feature of this particular punk band is that while other punk bands tended sing about anarchy, Stiff Little Fingers spoke out against the anarchy and violence that existed in their environment. However, while such subcultures as punk may have rebelled against the existing hegemonic values in society, various tensions exist in regards to what is known as bottom up or top down tensions within forms of music. These tensions refer to where exactly the music comes from, namely whether its manufactured or whether its real. Generally when we consider real music we consider it to come from a personal and artistic level, unaffected by commercial interests, which will generally spread upwards through society and become mass culture. This process is referred to as bottom up. However since music is essentially published in a capitalist system, there will be inevitable attempts to produce music that will essentially appeal to the masses and then place it on the market. This is referred to as a top down approach. The tension between the two is inevitable, and can be seen when looking at the particular forms of music that subcultures adhere to. In an era where consumption of music is on a mass scale, there will inevitably be market forces trying to gain money by producing music that will appeal to the masses and the subcultures within society. For every subculture that is produced, a new area of the market is open that can be exploited by the many record companies. It is inevitable that as long as subcultures continue to exist and become fashionable, then there will be a new audience to which the market forces can appeal to. Subcultures often exist as a form of expression against the hegemonic values of the particular society yet this can often lead to a contradictory mixture of the authentic and the manufactured: it is an area of self-expression for the young and a grazing ground for the commercial providers (6). This tension can be seen in the new alternative or indie scene that has become popular in mass culture. While most of the indie bands were to some extent described as underground around five years ago, the popularity of bands such as Coldplay and Keane have provided this genre with a huge increase in popularity. This increase in popularity is obvious in the latest fashion trends and indeed the music business who both profess the brand of being alternative. .u40f350a23a464f4277484bd818c43556 , .u40f350a23a464f4277484bd818c43556 .postImageUrl , .u40f350a23a464f4277484bd818c43556 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u40f350a23a464f4277484bd818c43556 , .u40f350a23a464f4277484bd818c43556:hover , .u40f350a23a464f4277484bd818c43556:visited , .u40f350a23a464f4277484bd818c43556:active { border:0!important; } .u40f350a23a464f4277484bd818c43556 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u40f350a23a464f4277484bd818c43556 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u40f350a23a464f4277484bd818c43556:active , .u40f350a23a464f4277484bd818c43556:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u40f350a23a464f4277484bd818c43556 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u40f350a23a464f4277484bd818c43556 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u40f350a23a464f4277484bd818c43556 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u40f350a23a464f4277484bd818c43556 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u40f350a23a464f4277484bd818c43556:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u40f350a23a464f4277484bd818c43556 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u40f350a23a464f4277484bd818c43556 .u40f350a23a464f4277484bd818c43556-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u40f350a23a464f4277484bd818c43556:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Music Traditions Around the World Chapter EssayThe situation of the mainstream audience purporting the idea of being alternative is an obvious case of a paradoxical situation that exists when a subculture resists the mainstream but then becomes the mainstream itself. The same paradoxical situation can be seen with the mainstream popularity of hip-hop and rap music, which started off as essentially a form of expression amongst black youths in urban areas and voiced the ideals of keeping it real. Yet as the popularity of this form of music soared due to rappers such as Eminem, it has become popularised and marketed to a vast extent. The tensions that exist within the hegemony and subculture are plentiful. As long as grievances or the need to feel individual exists in any society, then subcultures will unavoidably appear as a form of expression in which people can air their grievances or seek individuality. The style in which these subcultures are distinguished will inevitably involve a certain type of music that will tend to express their refusal to accept the hegemonic values of the society in which they exist. And while the phenomena of subcultures continue to exist, tensions will also exist amongst with the hegemony in that society, with music providing an arena for these tensions to be displayed.